1. Seminar on Hybrid seed production in Solanaceous vegetable crops
INTRODUCTION
Department of Vegetable Science
VCSG College of Horticulture
Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry Bharsar
Speaker/Presenter
TINKU KUMAR SHARMA
ID-:13128
MSc IInd Year (Vegetable Science)
Seminar Incharge: Dr AS Bisht
Advisor: Dr SC Pant

2. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
India is 2nd largest producer of vegetables in the world.
Production millions tones
Area million hectares
Shares around 15% of vegetable production in the world. (NHB: )
India ranks in production
First
Second
Peas
Onion
Cauliflower
Brinjal
Cabbage

3. Why we go for Hybrid Varieties ?
INTRODUCTION
Why we go for Hybrid Varieties ?
Higher yield
Early maturity
Abiotic stress resistance
Disease resistant
Uniformity
Quality
Transportability
Shelf life

4. Disadvantages of Hybrids
Fresh hybrid seed has to be produced every year.
High cost of hybrid seed.
More input requirements for hybrid cultivation to exploit their full potential.
Require technical skills for hybrid production.

5. History of Hybrid seed Production in India (In Vegetables)
INTRODUCTION
History of Hybrid seed Production in India (In Vegetables)
In 1971, First hybrid ‘Pusa Meghdoot’ of bottle gourd was developed at IARI, Regional Research Station, Katrain.
In 1973, F1 hybrids of Summer Squash ‘Pusa Alankar’ and cucumber ‘Pusa Sanyog’ were developed at IARI.
In 1973, IAHSC released first tomato (Karnataka) and Capsicum (Bharat) hybrids for commercial cultivation.
Since 1975, intensive research work has been started by both public and private sectors for exploitation of hybrid vigor in various vegetables crops.

6. INTRODUCTION
Hybrid
An offspring of homozygous parents differing in one or more genes, more generally an offspring of a cross between unrelated strains.

7. Types of Hybrid Single cross hybrid (A x B)
INTRODUCTION
Types of Hybrid
Single cross hybrid (A x B)
Three way cross hybrid (A x B) x C
Double cross hybrid (Ax B) x (C x D)
Top cross hybrid (Inbred x OP Variety)

8. Hybrid seed Production in Solanaceous vegetable crops

9. Solanaceae family vegetables suitable for hybrid production
Tomato
Chilli
Capsicum
Brinjal

10. Characteristics of the Solanaceae
Flower: small to medium & perfect
Fruit: berry with many seeds.
Pollination: Self- or often cross-pollinated

11. Reasons for commercial exploitation of Solanaceous hybrids
Sufficiently medium flowers facilitates easy emasculation & pollination.
Availability of pollen in abundance.
Large number of seeds obtained per pollination/cross.
Manifestation of heterosis for yield & its components.
The highly profitable prices obtained from the produce.
Good response of F1 to better cultural practices, inputs & environment.

12. commercial hybrids in vegetables Commercially exploited crops
The commonly utilized mechanism for developing
commercial hybrids in vegetables
INTRODUCTION
Mechanism
Commercially exploited crops
Hand emasculation + MP
Tomato, Eggplant, Okra
Pinching of staminate flowers + MP/NP
Cucurbits
Male sterility + MP
Tomato, Hot pepper, Sweet pepper
Male sterility + NP
Onion, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Carrot, Radish, Muskmelon, Hot pepper
Self incompatibility + NP
Cauliflower, Cabbage
Gynoecism + NP
Cucumber, Muskmelon
PGR & pinching of staminate flowers + NP
Summer squash, Winter squash etc.
MP- Manual pollination, NP- Natural pollination
Kumar et al, 2004

13. Steps for Hybrid Development
Development of Inbred lines
Testing the combining ability
a) General Combining Ability
b) Specific Combining Ability
Production of F1 hybrid seed
Single cross
& Top cross

14. Hybrid seed production in Tomato

15. Hybrid seed production techniques in Tomato
Emasculation & pollination
Use of male sterility

16. 1. Manual Emasculation & Pollination
Floral Biology of Tomato
Anthesis a.m.
Maximum flower opening 7-8 a.m.
Dehiscence a.m.
Stigma receptivity At the time of anthesis

17. Hybrid Seed Production Techniques in Tomato
Emasculation: Can be performed at the start of flowering, about days after sowing.
Selection of bud Split open anther cone
Removal of petals
Removal of anther cone

18. Pollen collection
Pollination

19. Advantages Emasculation & pollination are easy to perform.
More seeds per pollination /cross are produced.
Price of hybrid seed is economical in relation to the cost of manual hybrid seed production.
Seed rate is low due to higher germination and increased vigor of hybrid seed.

20. 2. Exploitation of Male sterility
Hybrid seed production through GMS line is more attractive because of the ease in seed multiplication of MS line.
Seeds of GMS line can be multiplied in environment where it expresses male fertility while hybrid seeds can be produced in other environment where it expresses male sterility.

21. Study done at IARI using male sterile & male fertile lines in Tomato
Time saved by male sterile line was 63%.
Average fruit set by using male sterile line was 79.35%.
Average fruit set using male fertile line was 65.40%.
Hybrid seed cost by using male sterile line per kg was Rs. 466/-
Hybrid seed cost by using male fertile line per kg was Rs. 3691/-
R.N. Tewari, 1997

22. Hybrids released in tomato by private & public sectors
Name of Hybrid Variety
Institute/Company
Rupali
Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co.
Amogh
Namdhari Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
Bangalore
Pusa Hybrid-1
IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Hybrid-2
Pusa Hybrid-4, Pusa Hybrid-8,
Arka Shreshta, Arka Rakshak
IIHR, Bangalore
ArkaVardan, Arka Samrat
Arka Vishal, Arka Ananya
Solan Sindhur, Solan Garima, Solan Sagun
UHF, Nauni, Solan

23. Hybrid seed production in Brinjal

24. Floral biology of Brinjal
Anthesis a.m. to 11 a.m.
Dehiscence a.m. to 10 a.m.
Stigma receptivity At the time of anthesis
Heterostyly
Long styled with big size ovary
Medium styled with medium size ovary
Pseudo short styled with rudimentary ovary
True short styled with very rudimentary ovary
Krishnamurthi & Subramaniam, 1954

25. 1. Manual Emasculation & Pollination
Flower buds about one to two days away from opening should be chosen for emasculation.
Pollen collection and pollination:
Pollens can be collected by putting the anthers in vial along with small iron balls for giving beating effect.
Pollen grains are taken in petridish and then transferred to stigma of female flower with help of brush, needle or match stick.
Before pollination, stigmatic surface should be checked for presence of foregin pollen.

26. Male sterile lines of brinjal for hybrid seed production
2. Use of male sterility
Male sterile lines of brinjal for hybrid seed production
Female line
Fruit set%
BCB-11
85.4
BCB-18
89.6
BCB-34
90.4
UGA-1MS
82.6
Hazra et al. (2003)

27. Average estimated natural hybridization was only 7.5%.
Advantages
High crossing success of 82.6% could be achieved in UGA-1MS by hand pollination
Insect pollinators chiefly bees basically act as pollen releaser for self pollination.
Average estimated natural hybridization was only 7.5%.
So, hand pollination obviating emasculation is suggested to utilize the functional male sterile line UGA-1 MS in hybrid development.
Hazra et al. (2003)

28. Seed extraction
The harvested fruits are stored for three to four days.
Seeds are extracted by cutting, crushing or macerating with a mechanical extractor.
In small seed production, dry extraction of seed is used, however, this is time consuming and laborious.
Kachru (1992)

29. F1 Hybrids in Brinjal Public Sector GAU (Anand) : ABH-1(SR), ABH-2(SR)
IARI (New Delhi) : Pusa Hybrid-5, Pusa Hybrid-6,
Pusa Hybrid-9
IIHR (Banglore) : Arka Navneet, Arka Aanand
NDUAT (Faizabad) : NDBH-1, NDBH-6
GBPUA&T : Pant Hybrid 1

30. F1 Hybrids in Brinjal Private Sector Ankur : ARBH-201, AHB-2, AHB-4
Indo-American : Suphal
MAHYCO : MHB-1, MHB-2, MHB-10, MHB-11, MHB-56
Sumex ` : Sumex 9, Sumex 19
Sungrow : Kanhaya, Navkiran
Century : Nisha, Vardaan, Shiva

31. Hybrid seed production in Chilli

32. Floral biology of Chillies
Anthesis : 2 a.m. to 10 a.m.
Dehiscence : 7 a.m. to 9.30 a.m.
Stigma receptivity : 2 days after anthesis

33. Hybrid seed production Techniques in chilli
Hand emasculation and pollination
Using genetic male sterility system
Using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system

34. Use of male sterility for Hybrid seed Production of CH-1 and CH-3 using MS12 male sterile line
Keep isolation distance of 400 m.
Planting ratio: 2:1 (female: male).
Keep 2-3 bee hives per acre to ensure pollination.
MS-12 line segregates in male fertile and male sterile plants in 1:1 ratio
Remove male fertile plants from seed production plot before pollen shedding.

35. Characteristics of male fertile and male sterile plants in female parent MS-2
Male fertile plants
Male sterile plants
Pollen (white powdery substance)
Present
Absent
Anther color
Light gray
Purple or yellow
Anther size
Normal
Reduced to less than half
Anther bursting
Burst to shed pollen
No bursting

36. F1 Hybrids in Chilli Public Sector PAU (Ludhiana) : CH-1, CH-3
IIHR : Arka Suphal, Arka Meghana, Arka Sweta, Arka Harita
Private Sector
Hung Nong : Delhi Hot, Hot Green, Skyline
Mahyco : Tejaswini
Sandoj : Agni
Seoul : Champion

37. CH-1
CH-3
Suitable for dehydration, oleoresin and paste making

38. Hybrid seed production in Capsicum

39. Floral biology of Capsicum
Anthesis : 7.15 a.m. to a.m.
Dehiscence : 8 a.m.
Stigma receptivity : 2 days after anthesis

40. Hybrid seed production techniques in Capsicum
Commercial hybrid seed production mainly in temperate regions and southern parts of India through hand emasculation and pollination.
Sharma (1995) suggested it most reliable, method in this crop.

41. Use of male sterility
Pochard (1975) developed the hybrid by using male sterile gene ms-509.
In GMS system removal of male fertile plants from seed production plot is possible by using markers e.g. Green/pigmented hypocotyl.
Hybrid seed production using CMS system is also possible.

42. Use of gametocides for induction of MS
Spraying at 10 days interval from onset of flowering for three times helps in the induction of MS lines in capsicum.
Chauhan (1978) used Malic hydrazide and Dalapon to develop MS line in capsicum.

43. F1 Hybrids in Capsicum Public Sector
IARI (Katrain) : Kt-1 (Pusa Deepti)
UHF, Nauni : Solan hybrid-1 & 2
Private Sector
Indo-American : Bharath
Nath : Hira
Sandoz : Indira, Lario
Sutton : Early Bounty

44. Problems in hybrid seed production

45. Pollen collecting bees may tend to work the male fertile inbreds and spend rather little time on male sterile plants.
Non-availability of suitable molecular markers are also major problem.
The practical utility of cytoplasmic male sterility is negligible in the absence of fertility restorer genes mainly in fruit vegetables like tomato.

46. Chemical hybridizing agent can affect the ovule fertility and cause mutagenic effect.
Several physiological factors (flower age & stage of flowering) and environmental factors (high humidity & high CO2 concentration) also affects the economic hybrid seed production in vegetables where self incompatibility mechanism exists.

47. Practical tips for hybrid seed production in Solanaceous vegetables

48. Fermentation method of seed extraction gives better seed recovery, however acid and alkali extraction can be employed where temperature is too low.
Planting ratio of male to female lines in hybrid seed production plot of brinjal can be increased to 1:10
Axial flow vegetable seed extractor can be used economically in brinjal

49. Minimum isolation distance of 225 m in chilli is safe for hybrid seed production under north Indian conditions.
Fully ripe fruits should be used for seed extraction in chilli.
Pollination with mixed pollen of many plants is preferable in sweet pepper .
Manual seed extraction is easy and safety in sweet pepper.
Seed production cost can be reduced by using male sterility system or androcides in all these crops.

50. Conclusion
Hybrid seed production starts very early but still its coverage is not satisfactory.
It should be popularize among rural masses not only for increasing production but also it help to give employment to rural youth and women in particular.
Standardization of research at molecular level.
Utilization of transgenic technology.