Opening Quiz Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? a. Iron b. Water c. Protein d. Calcium Among the following groups,

Opening Quiz Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? a. Iron b. Water c. Protein d. Calcium Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water? a. Elderly b. Children c. Obese people d. Female adolescents Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz What percentage of a person’s total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium? a. 0 b. 10 c. 50 d. 80 Salt-sensitive population groups include all of the following except a. Caucasians. b. African-Americans. c. people with obesity. d. people with diabetes. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except a. lactose. b. pregnancy. c. oxalates. d. stomach acid. At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass? a yrs b yrs c yrs d yrs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz What percentage of people with osteoporosis are female?
b. 40 c. 60 d. 80 All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron except a. MFP factor. b. stomach acid. c. ascorbic acid. d. calcium from milk. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz In the United States, iron is currently added to which of the following foods? a. Milk and cheese b. Breads and cereals c. Peanut butter and jellies d. Orange juice and tomato juice What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances? a. Pica b. Goiter c. Tetany d. Hemosiderosis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
a. Corn b. Seafood c. Orange juice d. Cruciferous vegetables What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride? a. Public water b. Dark green vegetables c. Milk and milk products d. Meats and whole-grain cereals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water And The Major Minerals
Water and the Body Fluids The main role of water is to maintain an appropriate water balance to support vital functions. Intracellular fluid (inside the cells) makes up about two-thirds of the body’s water. Extracellular fluid (outside the cells) has two components—the interstitial fluid and plasma. To maintain water homeostasis, intake from liquids, foods, and metabolism must equal losses from the kidneys, skin, lungs, and feces. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water And The Body Fluids
Functions of water: Transport Structural support for molecules Participates in metabolic reactions Solvent Lubricant Body temperature regulation Maintains blood volume Water Roles in the Body Carries nutrients and waste products Maintains the structure of large molecules Participates in metabolic reactions Solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and others Lubricant and cushion around joints, inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy Regulation of body temperature Maintains blood volume Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

One Cell And Its Associated Fluids
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water balance and recommended intakes Water intake Dehydration Water intoxication Water Balance and Recommended Intakes Water Intake Thirst is the conscious desire to drink. Dehydration occurs when water output exceeds input. 1-2 % loss of body weight – thirst, fatigue, weakness, vague discomfort, and loss of appetite 3-4 % loss of body weight – impaired physical performance, dry mouth, reduction in urine, flushed skin, impatience, and apathy 5-6 % loss of body weight – difficulty in concentrating, headache, irritability, sleepiness, impaired temperature regulation, and increased respiratory rate 7-10 % loss of body weight – dizziness, spastic muscles, loss of balance, delirium exhaustion, and collapse Water intoxication is excessive water contents in all body fluid compartments. It is rare. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water balance and recommended intakes Water sources Water losses Water recommendations Water Sources Liquids 550 to 1500 mL Foods 700 to 1000 mL Metabolic Water 200 to 300 mL Water Losses Kidneys (urine) 500 to 1400 mL Skin (sweat) 450 to 900 mL Lungs (breath) 350 mL GI tract (feces) 150 mL Water Recommendations 1.0 to 1.5 mL/kcal expended for adults 1.5 mL/kcal expended for infants ½ cup per 100 kcal expended DRI reports are forthcoming Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water balance and recommended intakes Health effects of water
Hard water vs. soft water Bottled water Health Effects of Water Meeting fluid needs Protect the bladder, prostrate, and breast against cancer Protect against kidney stones Kinds of Water Soft water Water with high sodium and potassium content May aggravate hypertension and heart disease Dissolves contaminate minerals in pipes Practical advantages Hard Water Water with high calcium and magnesium content Leaves residues May benefit hypertension and heart disease Artesian water – water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water in under pressure Bottled water – drinking water sold in bottles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water balance and recommended intakes Health effects of water
Hard water vs. soft water Bottled water Carbonated water – water that contains carbon dioxide gas, wither natural or added Distilled water – free of dissolved minerals Filtered water – water treated by filtration with lead, arsenic, and some microorganisms removed Mineral water – water from a spring or well that contains about parts per million of minerals Natural water – water from a spring or well that is certified to be safe and sanitary Public water – water from a city or county water system that has been treated and disinfected Purified water – water that has been treated to remove dissolved solids Spring water – water originating from an underground spring or well Well water – water drawn from ground water by tapping into an aquifer Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

How The Body Regulates Blood Volume

Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
Dissociation of salt in water Ions Cations Anions Electrolyte solution Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

And Follows Electrolytes
Water Dissolves Salts And Follows Electrolytes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vegetables “sweat” when sprinkled with salt
Raisins plump up when immersed in water

Proteins regulate flow of fluids and ions Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance Blood Volume and Blood Pressure ADH and Water Retention Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the pituitary gland and causes kidneys to reabsorb water, thus preventing losses Vasopressin is another name for ADH Renin and Sodium Retention Kidneys release renin to reabsorb sodium Helps to restore blood pressure and blood volume Angiotension and Blood Vessel Constriction Angiotensinogen to angiotension A vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels Aldosterone and Sodium Retention Angiotension mediates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands Kidneys retain sodium to retain water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance
Sodium and chloride most easily lost Different solutes lost by different routes Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Dissociation of Salt in Water Dissociates into positive ions called cations and negative ions called anions. Ions carry electrical current so they are called electrolytes. Solutions are called electrolyte solutions. Milliequivalents is the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution. Positive and negative charges inside and outside the cell must be balanced. Electrolytes Attract Water Water molecules are neutral, polar Oxygen is negatively charged. Hydrogen is positively charged. Enables body to move fluids Water Follows Electrolytes Sodium and chloride are primarily outside the cell. Potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfur are primarily inside the cell. Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane toward the more concentrated solutes. Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane. Proteins Regulate Flow of Fluids and Ions Proteins attract water and regulate fluid balance. Transport proteins regulate the passage of positive ions. Negative ions follow. Water flows toward the more concentrated solution. Sodium-potassium pump Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Digestive juices of GI tract contain minerals and these are reabsorbed as needed Kidneys maintain fluid balance using ADH Kidneys maintain electrolyte balance using aldosterone Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance
Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance Sodium and Chloride Most Easily Lost Extracellular so easily lost when sweating Need replacement Different Solutes Lost by Different Routes Vomiting or diarrhea loses sodium Kidneys may lose to much potassium Uncontrolled diabetics may lose glucose and fluid via the kidneys Replacing Lost Fluids and Electrolytes Drink plain cool water and eat regular foods Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) (½ L boiling water, 4 tsp sugar and ½ tsp salt). Cool before giving by mouth. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Acid-Base Balance pH Acid-Base Balance Regulation by the Buffers
Balance of pH – a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions First line of defense Carbonic acid and bicarbonate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Acid-Base Balance Regulation by the buffers Bicarbonate Carbonic acid
Regulation by the lungs Regulation by the kidneys Regulation by the Lungs Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the blood that dissociates to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. Respiration speeds up and slows down as needed. Regulation by the Kidneys Selects which ions to retain and which to excrete The urine’s acidity level fluctuates to keep the body’s total acid content balanced. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Minerals - An Overview
Major minerals are found in larger quantities in the body, while trace minerals are found in smaller quantities. Minerals are inorganic elements that retain their chemical identity. Minerals receive special handling in the body. They may bind with other substances and interact with other minerals, thus affecting absorption.

Inorganic elements The body’s handling of minerals Inorganic Elements Major minerals or macrominerals retain their chemical identity. Cannot be destroyed by heat, air, acid or mixing The Body’s Handling of Minerals Some behave like water-soluble vitamins. Some behave like fat-soluble vitamins. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Variable bioavailability Binders Phytates Oxalates Variable Bioavailability Binders in food can combine chemically with minerals and prevent their absorption. Phytates are found in legumes and grains. Oxalates are found in spinach and rhubarb. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrient interactions Varied roles Nutrient Interactions Sodium and calcium Phosphorus and magnesium Often caused by supplements Varied Roles Sodium, potassium and chloride function primarily in fluid balance. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium function primarily in bone growth and health. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium Roles in the body Principal extracellular cation Sodium
Sodium is one of the primary electrolytes in the body and is responsible for maintaining fluid balance. Dietary recommendations include a moderate intake of salt and sodium. Excesses may aggravate hypertension. Most of the sodium in the diet is found in table salt and processed foods. Sodium Roles in the Body Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium Hypertension Salt sensitivity Osteoporosis Foods
Sodium Recommendations (1989 Estimated Minimum Requirement) Minimum Adults: 500 mg/day Maximum % Daily Value on food labels is set at 2400 mg/day Sodium and Hypertension Salt has a great impact on high blood pressure. Salt restriction does help to lower blood pressure. Salt sensitivity is a term to describe individuals who respond to a high salt intake with high blood pressure. (DASH) Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension is a diet plan that helps to lower blood pressure. Sodium and Osteoporosis High sodium intake is associated with calcium excretion. Research is inconclusive. Sodium in Foods Table salt (approximately 15% added sodium in the diet) Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads and vegetables (approximately 10% of sodium in the diet) Large amounts in processed foods (approximately 75% of sodium in the diet) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults:
500 mg/day Chief functions in the body Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite Toxicity symptoms Edema, acute hypertension Significant source Table salt, soy sauce Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables Large amounts in processed foods Sodium Deficiency Sodium and water must be replaced after vomiting, diarrhea or heavy sweating. Symptoms are muscle cramps, mental apathy, and loss of appetite Salt tablets without water induce dehydration. Be careful of hyponatremia during ultra-endurance athletic activities. Sodium Toxicity and Excessive Intakes Edema and acute hypertension Prolonged—may contribute to hypertension Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chloride Chlorine (Cl2) vs. chloride ion (Cl-) Roles in body
Principal extracellular anion Chloride Chloride also plays a role in fluid balance. It is associated with sodium and part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Chloride Roles in the Body Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach Necessary for proper digestion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chloride: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults:
750 mg/day Chief functions in the body Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion Chloride Recommendations (1989 Estimated Minimum Requirement) Adults: 750 mg/day No recommended intake Chloride Intakes Abundant in foods Abundant in processed foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chloride: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptom
Do not occur under normal circumstances Toxicity symptom Vomiting Significant sources Table salt, soy sauce Moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs Large amounts in processed foods Chloride Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency is rare Losses can occur with vomiting, diarrhea or heavy sweating. Dehydration due to water deficiency can concentrate chloride to high levels. Toxicity symptom is vomiting. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium Principal intracellular cation Potassium
Potassium is another electrolyte associated with fluid balance. It is associated with hypertension. It is found in fresh foods—mostly fruits and vegetables. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults:
2000 mg/day Chief functions in the body Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Facilitates many reactions Supports cell integrity Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions Potassium Roles in the Body Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Facilitates many reactions Supports cell integrity Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions Steady heartbeat Potassium and Hypertension Low potassium intakes increase blood pressure. High potassium intakes prevent and correct hypertension. Potassium Recommendations and Intakes (1989 Estimated Minimum Requirement) Adults: 2000 mg/day Fresh foods are rich sources. Processed foods have less potassium. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Muscular weakness Paralysis Confusion Toxicity symptoms Vomiting If given into a vein, can stop the heart Potassium Deficiency Symptoms include muscular weakness, paralysis, and confusion. Most common electrolyte imbalance. Excessive losses rather than deficient intakes cause deficiencies. Losses from diabetic acidosis, dehydration, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea. Drugs such as diuretics, steroids and strong laxatives can deplete potassium. Potassium Toxicity Results from supplements or overconsumption of potassium salts Can occur with certain diseases or treatments Symptoms include muscular weakness and vomiting If given into a vein, potassium can cause the heart to stop. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium: In Summary Significant sources All whole foods
Meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium Balance Calcium
Most of calcium is found in the bones. The blood calcium has many functions. These are kept in balance with a system of hormones and Vitamin D. Blood calcium remains in balance at the expense of bone calcium and the risk of developing osteoporosis in later years. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetany Calcium Balance
Works with Vitamin D Works with parathormone and calcitonin Calcium rigor is high blood calcium – muscles contract and cannot relax. Calcium tetany is low blood calcium – uncontrolled muscle contractions. Bones get robbed of calcium before blood concentrations get low. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium Calcium Absorption
Absorption rate for adults is 25% of calcium consumed. Calcium-binding protein is needed for calcium absorption. Factors that enhance absorption Stomach acid Vitamin D Lactose Growth hormones Factors that inhibit absorption Lack of stomach acid Vitamin D deficiency High phosphorus intake High-fiber diet Phytates in seeds, nuts, and grains Oxalates in beet greens and rhubarb Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary 1997 adequate intake (AI) Upper level for adults:
Adults years: 1000 mg/day Adults 51 and older: 1200 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day Calcium Recommendations (1997 Adequate Intake) AI Adolescents: 1300 mg/day AI Adults: 1000 mg/day if years of age AI Adults: 1200 mg/day if greater than 50 years of age Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Chief functions in the body
Mineralization of bones and teeth Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting Blood pressure, immune defenses Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium in Bones Hydroxyapatite – crystals of calcium and phosphorus Mineralization – process whereby minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening of the bone Ongoing process of remodeling Peak bone mass is the bone’s fullest potential in size and density developed in the first three decades of life. Calcium in Body Fluids Calmodulin is an inactive protein that becomes active when bound to calcium. Serves as interpreter for hormone and nerve-mediated messages. Ionized calcium has many functions. Calcium and Disease Prevention May protect against hypertension DASH diet May be protective relationship with blood cholesterol, diabetes and colon cancer Calcium and Obesity Maintaining healthy body weight Calcium from dairy foods has better results than calcium from supplements. More research is needed. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Stunted growth in children
Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults Calcium Deficiency and Toxicity Osteoporosis is the disease where the bones become porous and fragile due to mineral losses. No obvious symptoms of mineral loss in bones. It is silent. Deficiency symptom is stunted growth in children Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Toxicity symptoms Constipation
Increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction Interference with absorption of other minerals Toxicity symptoms include constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation, kidney dysfunction, and interference with the absorption of other minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Significant sources Milk and milk products
Small fish (with bones) Tofu (bean curd), greens (broccoli, chard), legumes Calcium Sources Calcium in Milk Products Drink milk Eat yogurt and cheese Add dry milk during food preparation Calcium in Other Foods Tofu, corn tortillas, some nuts and seeds Mustard and turnip greens, broccoli, bok choy, kale, parsley, and watercress Legumes Oysters and sardines with bones Mineral waters, calcium-fortified orange juice, fruit and vegetable juices, high-calcium milk Calcium-fortified cereal Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phosphorus 1997 RDA for adults: 700 mg/day
Upper level for adults (19-70 years): 4000 mg/day Chief functions in the body Mineralization of bones and teeth Part of every cell Important in genetic material, part of phospholipids B. Phosphorus Recommendations and Intakes (1997 RDA) RDA Adults: 4000 mg/day for ages years Phosphorus Most of the phosphorus is found in the bones and teeth. It is also important in energy metabolism, as part of phospholipids, and as part of genetic materials. Phosphorus Roles in the Body Mineralization of bones and teeth Part of every cell Genetic material Part of phospholipids Energy transfer Buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phosphorus Chief functions in the body (continued) Deficiency symptoms
Used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance Deficiency symptoms Muscular weakness, bone pain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phosphorus Toxicity symptoms Significant sources
Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys Significant sources All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk) Phosphorus toxicity symptoms include the calcification of nonskeletal tissues, especially the kidneys. Sources include all animal tissues – meat, fish and poultry Milk and eggs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Magnesium 1997 RDA Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/day Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/day Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/day Chief functions in the body Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system Magnesium Magnesium supports bone mineralization, is involved in energy systems, and in heart functioning. It is widespread in foods. Magnesium Roles in the Body Bone mineralization Building of protein Enzyme action Normal muscle contraction Nerve impulse transmission Maintenance of teeth Functioning of the immune system Blood clotting Magnesium Recommendations and Intakes (1997 RDA) Magnesium and Hypertension Protects against heart disease and hypertension Low magnesium restricts walls of arteries and capillaries RDA Adult Men: 400 mg/day for years of age RDA Adult Women: 310 mg/day for years of age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Magnesium Deficiency symptoms Weakness Confusion
If extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing In children, growth failure Magnesium Deficiency Deficiencies are rare. Symptoms Weakness and confusion Convulsions in the extreme deficiency Bizarre muscle movements of the eye and face Hallucinations Difficulties in swallowing Growth failure in children Develops from alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, kidney disorders and prolonged vomiting and diarrhea Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Magnesium Toxicity symptoms Significant sources
From nonfood sources only Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration Significant sources Nuts, legumes Whole grains Dark green vegetables Seafood Chocolate, cocoa Magnesium Toxicity Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/day Symptoms from nonfood magnesium are diarrhea, alkalosis, and dehydration Nuts and legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate and cocoa Hard water and some mineral waters Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium
Bone development and disintegration Cortical bone Trabecular bone Highlight: Osteoporosis and Calcium Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent diseases of aging. Strategies to reduce risks involve dietary calcium. Bone Development and Disintegration Type I Osteoporosis Losses of trabecular bone Also called postmenopausal osteoporosis 50-70 years old Fracture site is wrist and spine 6 women to 1 man Rapid loss of estrogen following menopause Loss of testosterone in men with advancing age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones

Losses of cortical and trabecular bone Also called senile osteoporosis
Type II Osteoporosis Losses of cortical and trabecular bone Also called senile osteoporosis 70 years and older Fracture site is hip 2 women to 1 man Reduced calcium absorption Increased bone mineral loss Increased propensity to fall Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Age and bone calcium Maximizing bone mass Age and Bone Calcium Maximizing Bone Mass Children and adolescents Calcium and Vitamin D Hormonal changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Minimizing bone loss Gender and hormones Genetics and ethnicity Minimizing Bone Loss Adequate intakes of Vitamin D and calcium Gender and Hormones Men at lower risk than women Hormonal changes Soy offers some protection Rapid bone loss in nonmenstruating women Genetics and Ethnicity Genes may play a role Environment also – diet and calcium Physical activity, body weight, alcohol, and smoking have a role Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Physical activity and body weight Smoking and alcohol Physical Activity and Body Weight Muscle strength and bone strength go together Heavy body weights and weight gains place a stress on bones and promote bone density Smoking and Alcohol Smokers Less dense bones Decreased calcium absorption Increased bone resorption Alcohol abuse Enhances fluid excretion thus increased calcium losses Upsets hormonal balance for healthy bones Slows bone formation Stimulates bone breakdown Increases risks of falling Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Dietary calcium is the key to prevention Other nutrients play a supporting role Dietary Calcium is the Key to Prevention Other Nutrients Play Supporting Roles Adequate protein Adequate Vitamin D Vitamin K protects against hip fractures Magnesium and potassium help to maintain bone mineral density Fruits and vegetables Reduce salt, candy and caffeine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

A perspective on supplements Antacids Bone meal Oyster shell Dolomite (limestone) Perspective on Supplements Calcium rich foods are best Supplements may be needed when only half of requirements are met through foods. Types of supplements Antacids contain calcium carbonate Bone meal or powdered bone, oyster shell or dolomite are calcium supplements Contain lead?? Small doses are better absorbed Different absorption rates from different types of calcium supplements Closing Thoughts Age, gender and genetics are beyond control. There are effective strategies for prevention that include adequate calcium and Vitamin D intake, physical activity, moderation of alcohol, abstaining from cigarettes, and supplementation if needed. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals The Trace Minerals—An Overview
Trace minerals are needed in very small quantities in the human body. They perform many essential functions important to health. Toxic levels can easily be reached with the use of supplements. Humans can get the amounts of trace minerals needed by consuming a wide variety of foods. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals Food sources Deficiencies Toxicities Interactions
Depends on soil and water composition Depends on processing Bioavailability Wide variety of foods Deficiencies Mild deficiencies are easily overlooked. Severe deficiencies are easy to recognize. Deficiencies have wide-reaching effects. Affects all ages Toxicities Do not exceed Upper Level Recommended Intakes. Do not exceed 100% Daily Values. FDA does not limit amounts in supplements. Interactions Common and coordinated to meet body needs Can lead to nutrient imbalances Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Ferrous (Fe++) Reduced Ferric (Fe+++) Oxidized Iron
Iron is found in the body as hemoglobin and myoglobin. Iron is used for energy metabolism and enzyme activity. Special proteins assist with iron absorption, transport, and storage. Both iron deficiency and iron toxicity cause damage so balance is important. Heme iron is better absorbed but nonheme iron absorption can be enhanced. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Absorption Iron Absorption and Metabolism Iron Absorption
The protein ferritin stores iron in the mucosal cells. The mucosa is the lining of the digestive tract. Transfers iron to mucosal transferrin. Transfers iron to blood transferrin Transports iron to the cells Excreted and replaced as needed Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme Heme and Nonheme Iron Heme iron
Foods that are flesh of animals 10% of days consumption Absorption rate of 25% Nonheme iron Plant-derived and animal-derived foods Absorption rate of 17% Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption MFP factor Vitamin C
Citric acid from foods Absorption-Enhancing Factors MFP factor Vitamin C Citric acid and lactic acid from foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption Lactic acid from foods
HCl from stomach Sugars HCl from stomach Sugars Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption Phytates Fibers Oxalates
Absorption-Inhibiting Factors Phytates and fibers from grains and vegetables Oxalates from spinach, beets and rhubarb Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption Calcium Phosphorus EDTA
Tannic acid Calcium and phosphorus from milk EDTA (food additive) Tannic acid and other polyphenols in tea and coffee Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Recycling Iron Recycling
Liver and spleen dismantle red blood cells and package iron into transferrin. Transferrin carries iron in the blood. Bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin and stores iron as ferritin. Iron-containing hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood. Iron is lost with bleeding and through the GI tract. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron High risk for iron deficiency Women in their reproductive years
pregnant women Infants and young children Teenagers Iron Deficiency Vulnerable Stages of Life Women in reproductive years Pregnant women Infants and young children Teenagers Blood Losses Giving a pint of blood loses about 2.5 mg iron Menstruation Bleeding ulcers Malaria and parasites Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Stages of iron deficiency Iron stores diminish
Transport iron decreases Hemoglobin production declines Assessment of Iron Deficiency Stage 1 - Iron stores diminish; measure serum ferritin Stage 2 – Transport iron decreases; measure transferrin saturation Stage 3 – Hemoglobin production declines; erythrocyte protoporphyrin accumulates and hematocrit declines Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Both size and color are normal in these blood cells
Blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin

Iron Contamination iron Iron supplements
Iron Contamination and Supplementation Contamination Iron Iron cookware takes up iron salts Acidic foods and long time cooking increase uptake of iron salts Iron Supplements Best absorbable form is ferrous sulfate or an iron chelate Take on empty stomach and with liquids other than milk, tea, or coffee Vitamin C enhances food iron absorption not supplement absorption Side effect of constipation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary 2001 RDA Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day
Men: 8 mg/day Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day Iron Recommendations and Sources Recommended Intakes (2001 RDA) RDA Men: 8 mg/day for adults years of age RDA Women: 18 mg/day for adults years of age RDA Women: 8 mg/day for adults over 51 years of age Vegetarians needs 1.8 times as much iron because of low bioavailability. Dietary Factors Combined Difficult to assess with meal consumption Most relevant factors are MFP factor, Vitamin C and phytates Individual Variation Dietary factors Health status Stage in life cycle Iron status Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Chief functions in the body
Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery Iron Roles in the Body Ferrous iron is reduced and has a net positive charge of two. Ferric iron is oxidized and has a net positive charge of three. Cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood Part of the protein myoglobin in the muscles which makes oxygen available for muscle contractions Utilization of energy in cell metabolism Iron Transport and Storage Surplus is stored in bone marrow, spleen, and liver Hemosiderin is a storage protein used when concentrations of iron are extremely high. Storing excess iron is a protective measure because iron can act as a free radical. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Significant sources
Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs Legumes, dried fruits Iron in Foods Red meats, fish, poultry, and shellfish Eggs Legumes Dried fruits Iron-Enriched Foods Often added to grain foods Not absorbed as well Maximizing Iron Absorption Bioavailability is high in meats, fish, and poultry. Bioavailability is medium in grains and legumes. Bioavailability is low in vegetables. Combined effect of enhancing and inhibiting factors Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Deficiency symptoms
Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches Impaired work performance and cognitive function Impaired immunity Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and palm creases Concave nails Inability to regulate body temperature Pica Iron Deficiency and Anemia Iron deficiency is depleted iron stores. Iron-deficiency anemia is the severe depletion of iron stores. Also called microcytic hypochromic anemia. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor and poor resistance to cold temperatures. Iron Deficiency and Behavior Energy metabolism is impaired. Neurotransmitter synthesis is reduced. Physical work capacity is reduced. Mental productivity is reduced. Iron Deficiency and Pica Habit of eating ice, clay, paste, and other nonfood substances Generally in women and children from low-income groups Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Toxicity symptoms GI distress
Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage Iron Toxicity Iron Overload Hemochromatosis is generally a genetic disorder that enhances iron absorption. Repeated blood transfusions Massive doses of supplemental iron May cause hemosiderosis Symptoms include apathy, lethargy, and fatigue Problems include liver tissue damage and infections Higher risk of diabetes, liver cancer, heart disease, and arthritis Iron and Heart Disease – may be a link to high iron stores Iron and Cancer – may be a link with free radical activity Iron Poisoning Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day Accidental supplement poisoning in children Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, dizziness, shock, and confusion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Roles Metalloenzymes Absorption Metallothionein
Zinc is important in a multitude of chemical reactions in the body. The best sources of dietary zinc are protein-rich foods. Zinc from pancreatic secretions is also available for absorption. Phytates and fiber can bind zinc, therefore limiting absorption. A special binding protein monitors the absorption of zinc. Zinc deficiency symptoms include growth retardation and sexual immaturity. Zinc Absorption and Metabolism Zinc Absorption Rate of absorption depends on zinc status Phytates and fiber bind zinc and reduce absorption. Metallothionein is a special protein that holds zinc in storage. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Enteropancreatic circulation Zinc Absorption and Metabolism
Zinc Recycling Enteropancreatic circulation Losses occur in the feces. Zinc Transport Transported by the protein albumin Binds to transferrin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Zinc supplementation Zinc Supplementation
Developing countries use zinc to reduce incidence of disease and diarrhea. Zinc lozenges for the common cold are controversial and inconclusive. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary 2001 RDA Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day
Men: 11 mg/day Women: 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day Zinc Recommendations and Sources Recommended Intakes (2001 RDA) RDA Men: 11 mg/day RDA Women: 8 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary Chief functions in the body Part of many enzymes
Associated with the hormone insulin Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus Zinc Roles in the Body Supports the work of metalloenzymes Helps to make parts of DNA and RNA Manufactures heme for hemoglobin Assists in essential fatty acid metabolism Releases Vitamin A from liver stores Metabolizes carbohydrates Synthesizes proteins Metabolizes alcohol Disposes damaging free radicals Affects platelets in blood clotting and wound healing Affects thyroid hormone function Influences behavior and learning performance Taste perception Sperm development Fetal development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Significant sources Protein-containing foods Red meats, shellfish
Whole grains Zinc in Foods Red meats and shellfish Whole grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Deficiency symptoms
Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite Zinc Deficiency Not widespread Occurs in pregnant women, young children, the elderly, and the poor Symptoms of deficiency Growth retardation Delayed sexual maturation Impaired immune function Hair loss, eye and skin lesions Loss of appetite Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary Toxicity symptoms
Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Zinc Toxicity Upper Level for Adults: 40 mg/day Symptoms Loss of appetite Impaired immunity Low HDL Copper and iron deficiencies Vomiting and diarrhea Exhaustion Headaches Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine Iodine vs. iodide Deficiency Goitrogens Iodine
Iodide is an essential component of the thyroid hormone that helps to regulate metabolism. Iodine deficiency can cause simple goiter and cretinism. The iodization of salt has eliminated iodine deficiency in the United States and Canada. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/day
Upper level: 1100 g/day Chief functions in the body A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate Iodine Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 RDA) Adults: 150 g/day Iodide Roles in the Body Component of two thyroid hormones Regulates growth, development, and metabolic rate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary Significant sources Deficiency disease
Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants Deficiency disease Simple goiter Cretinism Sources Iodized salt Seafood Bread and dairy products Plants grown in iodine-rich soils Animals that feed on plants grown in iodine-rich soils Iodine Deficiency Simple goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency. Goiter is enlargement of the thyroid gland due to malfunction of the gland, iodine deficiency or overconsumption of goitrogens. Cretinism is a congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Goitrogen overconsumption– naturally occurring in cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, and kohlrabi Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Underactive thyroid gland, goiter Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) Toxicity symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter Iodine Toxicity Upper level 1000 g/day Symptoms include underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, and goiter Supplement use, medications, and excessive iodine from foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Selenium 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/day
Upper level for adults: 400 g/day Chief functions in the body Defends against oxidation Regulates thyroid hormone Significant sources Seafood, meat Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content) Selenium Selenium is an antioxidant nutrient associated with protein foods. It may provide some protection against certain types of cancer. Selenium Roles in the Body Defends against oxidation Regulates thyroid hormone Selenium and Cancer May protect against certain forms of cancer Inconclusive evidence and more research is needed Food sources are better than supplements Selenium Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2000 RDA) Adults: 55 g/day Sources include seafood, meat, whole grains, and vegetables (depends on soil content) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Selenium Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) Toxicity symptoms Loss and brittleness of hair and nails Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders Garlic breath odor Selenium Deficiency Keshan disease – a pre-disposition to heart disease where cardiac tissue becomes fibrous Prevalent in regions of China Selenium Toxicity Upper Level for Adults: 400 g/day Symptoms Loss and brittleness of hair and nails Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders Garlic breath odor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copper 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/day Upper level for adults:
10,000 g/day (10 mg/day) Chief functions in the body Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin Part of several enzymes Copper is a component of several enzymes associated with oxygen or oxidation. Copper deficiency is rare. There are some diseases associated with excessive intakes. Food sources of copper include legumes, whole grains, and seafood. Copper Roles in the Body Absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin Part of several enzymes Some copper containing enzymes are antioxidants. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copper Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Seafood Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes Deficiency symptoms Anemia, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms Liver damage Copper Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency symptoms include anemia and bone abnormalities. Menkes disease Toxicity Upper Level for Adults: 10,000 g/day (10 mg/day) Wilson’s disease Copper Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 RDA) Adults: 900 g/day Sources Seafood, nuts, seeds and legumes Whole grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manganese 2001 AI Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day
Men: 2.3 mg/day Women: 1.8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Manganese Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 AI) AI Men: 2.3 mg/day AI Women: 1.8 mg/day Manganese is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in bone formation and various metabolic processes. Deficiencies are rare and toxicities are associated with environmental contamination. Manganese is found widespread in foods. Manganese Roles in the Body Cofactor for several enzymes Assists in bone formation Pyruvate conversion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manganese Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea Deficiency symptoms Rare Toxicity symptoms Nervous system disorders Sources Nuts Whole grains Leafy vegetables Tea Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency symptoms are rare Phytates, calcium and iron limit absorption. Toxicity occurs with environmental contamination. Upper Level for Adults: 11 mg/day Toxicity symptoms include nervous system disorders. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluoride 1997 AI Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day
Men: 3.8 mg/day Women: 3.1 mg/day Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day Chief functions in the body Involved in the formation of bones and teeth Helps to make teeth resistant to decay Fluoride Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (1997 AI) AI Men: 3.8 mg/day AI Women: 3.1 mg/day Fluoride makes bones stronger and teeth more resistant to decay. The use of fluoridated water can reduce dental caries. Excess fluoride causes fluorosis—the pitting and discoloration of teeth. Fluoride Roles in the Body Formation of teeth and bones Helps to make teeth resistant to decay Fluorapatite is the stabilized form of bone and tooth crystals Fluoride and Dental Caries Widespread health problem Leads to nutritional problems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water

Fluoride Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) Tea, seafood Deficiency symptoms Susceptibility to tooth decay Toxicity symptoms Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth) Sources Fluoridated drinking water Seafood and tea Fluoride and Toxicity Tooth damage called fluorosis Upper Level for Adults: 10 mg/day Prevention of fluorosis Monitor fluoride content of local water supply. Supervise toddlers during tooth brushing. Watch quantity of toothpaste used (pea size) for toddlers. Use fluoride supplements only if prescribed by a physician. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chromium 2001 AI Chief functions in the body Significant sources
Men: 35 g/day Women: 25 g/day Chief functions in the body Enhances insulin action Significant sources Meats (especially liver) Whole grains, brewer’s yeast Chromium enhances insulin’s action. It is widely available in unrefined foods. Chromium Roles in the Body Enhances insulin action Glucose tolerance factors (GTF) are small organic compounds that enhance insulin’s action Chromium Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 AI) AI Men: 35 g/day AI Women: 25 g/day Sources Meat, especially liver Whole grains Brewer’s yeast Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chromium Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Diabetes-like condition
None reported Chromium Supplements Do not effectively improve glucose or insulin response in diabetics Claims about reducing body fat and improving muscle strength remain controversial. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Molybdenum 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/day
Upper level for adults: 2 mg/day Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Significant sources Legumes, cereals Organ meats Molybdenum Molybdenum is a cofactor in several enzymes. It is needed in minuscule amounts. It is available in legumes, grains, and organ meats. Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for several enzymes. Recommendations (2001 RDA) Adults: 45 g/day Upper Level Adults: 2 mg/day Food sources include legumes, grains, and organ meats. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Molybdenum Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Unknown None reported
Reproductive effects in animals No deficiency symptoms No reported toxicity symptoms Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Other Trace Minerals Nickel Silicon Vanadium Other Trace Minerals
Much of the research on other trace minerals is from animal studies. Humans need very small amounts. Determining exact needs, functions, deficiencies, and toxicities is difficult. Some key roles of these other trace minerals have been identified. Nickel is a cofactor for certain enzymes. Silicon is used in bone and collagen formation. Vanadium is for growth, development, and normal reproduction. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic Cobalt is a key component of Vitamin B12. Boron may be key in brain activities. Arsenic is useful in some types of leukemia.

Contaminant Minerals Heavy metals Lead Contaminant Minerals
Contaminate minerals are also called heavy metals. These include mercury, lead, and cadmium. These minerals enter the food supply through soil, water, and air pollution. They disrupt body processes and impair nutrition status. Lead Toxicity Symptoms in Children Learning disabilities in children Low IQ Behavior problems Slow growth Dental caries Iron-deficiency anemia Sleep disturbances like night walking, restlessness, and head banging Nervous system disorders and seizures Slow reaction time and poor coordination Impaired hearing Lead Toxicity Symptoms in Adults Hypertension Reproductive complications Kidney failure Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods
Phytochemicals are nonnutrient compounds. Only a few of the thousands of phytochemicals have been researched. There are many questions and few answers about their role in human health. Foods that provide health benefits beyond those of nutrients are now called functional foods. Some have an identified role in disease prevention. The Phytochemicals in Perspective Difficult to assess one food and its benefits alone Actions of phytochemicals are complementary and overlapping Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Defending against cancer Defending against heart disease The Phytochemicals Defending against Cancer Phytoestrogens mimic estrogen Antioxidant activity Slow the growth of breast and prostrate cancer Found in soybeans, flaxseed oil, whole grains, fruits and vegetables Lycopene Powerful antioxidant Inhibit the growth of cancer cells Found in tomatoes and cooked tomato products, apricots, guava, papaya, pink grapefruits, and watermelon Five servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended every day. Defending against Heart Disease Flavonoids in foods Powerful antioxidants Protect against LDL cholesterol oxidation and reduce blood platelet stickiness Lowers risk of chronic diseases Found in whole grains, legumes, soy, vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices, teas, chocolate, nuts, olive oil, and red wines Carotenoids in foods especially lutein and lycopene Lower risk of heart disease Found in fruits and vegetables Phytosterols May protect against heart disease Inhibit cholesterol absorption Lower blood pressure Act as antioxidants Found in soybeans and other vegetables Lignans, found in flax seed, are converted to phytosterols by intestinal bacteria. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Functional foods... from nature from manufacturers Functional Foods
Foods as Pharmacy Yogurt and probiotics Margarine enhanced with a phytosterol may lower cholesterol. May be more useful in prevention and mild cases of disease. Drugs are used for severe cases of disease. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Inconclusive research Food labels Safety Overall healthfulness of products Unanswered Questions Research is lagging behind food manufacturers. Consumer questions to ask Does it work? How much does it contain? Is it safe? Is it healthy? Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? a. Iron b. Water c. Protein d. Calcium Among the following groups,

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Opening Quiz Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? a. Iron b. Water c. Protein d. Calcium Among the following groups,

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Presentation on theme: "Opening Quiz Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? a. Iron b. Water c. Protein d. Calcium Among the following groups,"— Presentation transcript:

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