1. Canada’s Population 1867-PRESENT

2. 1879: National Policy attracting “agricultural” immigrants to Western Canada (Northern Europeans, United States, Britain) 1867-1914: BEFORE WWI IMMIGRATION:

3. But not all groups were “desired immigrants” 1900, 1903: Chinese Head Tax is increased 1906: Immigration Act puts restrictions to avoid unwanted immigrant groups. Also, immigrants could be deported up to 2 years after arriving. 1867-1914: BEFORE WWI

4. 1908: Continuous journey rule. Chinese immigration act is changed. 1867-1914: BEFORE WWI

5. IMMIGRATION ACT: 1910 Section 38 allowed the government to prohibit landing of immigrants under the "continuous journey" rule, and of immigrants "belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation or character". The Act also extended the grounds on which immigrants could be deported to include immorality and political offenses (Section 41). 1867-1914: BEFORE WWI

6. High levels of natural growth Traditional French Canadians & their large families 1867-1914: BEFORE WWI NATURAL GROWTH:

7. GENERAL COMPOSITION: 1901: Quebec = 1.7 million Canada = 5.4 million Quebec: Majority French Canadian, minority anglophone, small native population 1867-1914: BEFORE WWI

8. The War Measures Act was passed. It gave the government the power to arrest, detain and deport. "Enemy aliens" were forced to register themselves and subjected to many restrictions. In the course of the war, 8,000-9,000 "enemy aliens" were interned (locked up). Many were subsequently (not long after) released in response to labour shortages. 1914-1918 WWI IMMIGRATION:

9. Immigration was very limited during the war. Still only “desired immigrants” 1914-1918 WWI IMMIGRATION:

10. Levels drop due to the hostile world environment. Many men were away, fighting in war. 1914-1918 WWI NATURAL GROWTH:

11. IMMIGRATION: More changes are made to the Immigration Act. Desired immigrants: British subjects, Americans and citizens of "preferred countries" (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium and France). 1918-1929: “The Roaring 20’s”

12. The Railway Agreement was signed by the CP and CN and the government, allowing the railways to recruit immigrants. Even ones from "non-preferred" countries of Northern and Central Europe. More than 185,000 Central Europeans entered Canada under the agreement (1925-1929). 1918-1929: “The Roaring 20’s” IMMIGRATION:

13. NATURAL GROWTH: The birth rate remained low. 1918-1929: “The Roaring 20’s”

14. Deportations on the grounds of "becoming a public charge" rose. From 1930 to 1934, 16,765 immigrants were deported on this ground 1929-1939: THE GREAT DEPRESSION IMMIGRATION:

15. 1931: Deportations of immigrants who had organized or participated in strikes or other organized labour activities. Widespread deportation of the unemployed (28,097 people were deported 1930-1935) IMMIGRATION: 1929-1939: THE GREAT DEPRESSION

16. Many groups tried to convince the Canadian government to accept Jewish refugees. The government refused. Anti-Semitism was VERY strong. IMMIGRATION: 1929-1939: THE GREAT DEPRESSION

17. The St Louis sailed from Germany with 930 Jewish refugees on board. No country in the Americas would allow them to land. 44 prominent Torontonians sent a telegram to the Prime Minister of Canada urging that sanctuary be given to the refugees, to no avail. The ship was forced to return to Europe where three- quarters of the refugees died at the hands of the Nazis. 1929-1939: THE GREAT DEPRESSION

18. Rates were extremely low. Families cost money, and people did not have money to have large families. 1929-1939: THE GREAT DEPRESSION NATURAL GROWTH:

19. IMMIGRATION: Reached its lowest level of the century. Japanese Canadians were put in “work camps” 1939-1945: WORLD WAR II

20. NATURAL GROWTH: Rates still remain low. Men and women needed to work Many men were fighting in the war. 1939-1945: WORLD WAR II

21. 1945-1947: Immigration measures remained restrictive. 1952 Immigration Act was still discriminatory against blacks, asians and homosexuals. 1945-1960: AFTER WWII IMMIGRATION:

22. Canadian policies start to loosen up. Slowly but surely, the list “Undesirable Groups” started to go down. It was almost as though Canada realized that they were being hypocritical: They were fighting an enemy who was trying to get rid of the same groups that they were…. Immigration policies around the world changed, as many other countries came to this realization. IMMIGRATION: 1945-1960: AFTER WWII

23. NATURAL GROWTH: HUGE INCREASE!!!!!!!!!!!!!! This is called: THE BABY BOOM Canada is feeling much better, people are moving to the suburbs. 1945-1960: AFTER WWII

24. Baby Boom: People born during this time are called “Baby Boomers” Ex: My parents, born in 1948 and 1952 are Baby Boomers This huge increase in population led to any increase in many other things: schools, hospitals, houses. NATURAL GROWTH: 1945-1960: AFTER WWII

25. BABY BOOMERS Many baby boomers are at the age of retirement. What do you think that will mean in the future?

26. 1966: The White Paper: recommending an immigration policy that was "expansionist, non- discriminatory, and balanced in reconciling the claims of family relationship with the economic interest of Canada 1960-1980 IMMIGRATION:

27. 1967: The points system is introduced. It effectively removed racism from the Canadian Immigration policy. 1960-1980 IMMIGRATION

28. The Ugandan president announced his intention of expelling Ugandan Asians by November 8, 1972. Canada responded swiftly to an appeal from the UK to take some of these Ugandans By the end of 1973, more than 7,000 Ugandan Asians had arrived, of whom 4,420 came in specially chartered flights. 1960-1980 An example of Canada’s changing attitude towards immigration:

29. Quebec= 5 million Canada: 18.2 million Quebec: Majority francophones, minority anglophones, small portion of allophones 1960-1980 GENERAL COMPOSITION 1961

30. IMMIGRATION Refugees: The government introduced the Undocumented Convention Refugees in Canada Class (UCRCC), offering a means for some refugees with "unsatisfactory" ID to become permanent residents 1980-TODAY

31. Quebec gets special privileges. Get to select French speaking immigrants over those who don’t speak French. Policies which obligate allophone immigrants to learn French. Special “French programs” so they can learn the culture. IMMIGRATION 1980-TODAY

32. Quebec = 7.6 million Canada = 32.7 million Quebec: majority francophones, minority allophones, small portion anglophones GENERAL COMPOSITION: 1980-TODAY

33. Birth rate has been declining. Why do you think that is? NATURAL GROWTH 1980-TODAY

34. Quebec is experiencing a mini “baby boom” right now. But it is nothing compared to the Boom after WWII. Why the increase? Possible reasons: The children of the Baby Boomers are having their own children. Better advantages for parents: longer paternity, maternity leave, inexpensive public day care. 1980-TODAY NATURAL GROWTH