1. The South Lost…. Reconstruction (1865-1877) *The plan was to get the South back on its feet economically. Lincoln had a plan… BUT… Lincoln was assassinated…. Andrew Johnson took over but he did not have the prestige or the wisdom to carry out Lincoln’s plan and make it successful. Congress took over and the South’s road to recovery was much longer.

2. The South suffered for MUCH longer than it might have if Lincoln had lived Economically Socially Politically Technologically Agriculturally

3. Post Civil War era (1880 – 1910) ‘The Gilded Age” (Mark Twain, social satire) gap between rich and poor gets bigger, very little middle class political and business corruption in larger cities Muckraking journalists – criticized corrupt business practices, urged gov’t to take control South: “Reconstruction” and economic collapse North: Industry grows, but urban poverty gets worse West: Immigrants spread out, railroads expand, exploration of Alaska Philadelphia – 3x bigger, NYC 4x bigger, Chicago 20x bigger!! Millionaires: Andrew Carnegie, JP Morgan, JD Rockefeller

4. Puritanism Classicism “The Crucible” Jonathan Edwards William Bradford Religion, record events Deal with survival Revolutionary War lit Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson Patrick. Henry Reason, formality, purpose Washington Irving, E.A. Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Anti-reason Gothic, emotion Symbolic unreality Ralph Waldo Emerson Emily Dickinson Individualism, nature The self, philosophy RomanticismTranscendentalism Review of literary trends so far!!!

5. Regionalism O. Henry, Jack London Ordinary people leading ordinary lives Plight of certain classes of people made obvious to the reader Middle to lower class Descriptive, not symbolic Kate Chopin, O. Henry, Jack London Mark Twain, Bret Harte Set certain areas of US – can’t be moved! Local Color Dialect, environment Curiosity about how others lived Jack London, O. Henry TRUTH – facts only Responded to scientific theories, psychology, human behavior, social science Characters are often trapped in situations beyond their control – fate or nature takes over Realism Naturalism

6. BRET HARTE www.nndb.com Regionalism, round characters, flat characters, local color - born in the East (Albany, NY), but went West at 18. - fascinated by the American West - part of the Gold Rush of 1850’s - the first writer of local color - prospector, stagecoach rider, typesetter, editor, writer - most work surrounds the ‘myth of the American West’ - those out East loved his stories of the West and the romantic ideas about life there. - his first few stories made him some money, but after that he had to find other work. - ended up touring England as a writer and eventually became a diplomat. “The Outcasts of Poker Flat”, “Luck of Roaring Camp”

7. ‘The Outcasts of Poker Flat’ Plot Line: exposition (introduction), rising action, climax, falling action, resolution (conclusion/denouement) Characterization: Protagonist, Antagonist Stereotypes or Stock Characters (hooker with heart of gold, gambler, drunkard, witch, innocents/young lovers) Point of View: 1 st person, 3 rd person limited, 3rd person omniscient Flat Characters: built around a single trait, quality or idea. Never change or surprise the reader. Don’t learn. Predictable. Round Characters: developed by the author to be real. They learn. They change and grow, they surprise the reader. Sometimes they have contradictory traits. Conflict: Internal (man vs. self) External (man vs. man, man vs. society, man vs. nature) Local Color: The use of characters of details unique to a geographical area. i.e. dialect, customs, clothing, landscape, attitudes, etc.

8. In a well-developed paragraph, answer the following: 1.Why does this story fit into the category of Regionalism? 2. What are two elements of the story that could be considered ‘local color’? 3. What about the story makes it a example of Naturalism?

9. english1101.wordpress.com Born: San Francisco, California, 1876 John Griffith Cheney (dad deserted mom) Mom married John London (Civil War soldier) Little formal schooling (after 8 th grade, self-educated by reading at the local library) finally graduated high school went for a semester to Berkeley Dropped out of there, too Wrote for magazines and newspapers Married twice, three kids Died at 40 of Uremic poisoning. Jack’s extensive life experiences included: being a laborer, a factory worker, an oyster pirate on the San Francisco Bay, a member of the California Fish Patrol, a sailor, a railroad hobo, and a gold prospector (in the Klondike from 1897-1898). JACK LONDON A ‘WORKING CLASS’ writer Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, “To Build A Fire” Realism, Regionalism, Naturalism

10. “To Build a Fire” Point of View: Flat Characters: Round Characters: Conflict: Local color:

11. O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) master of surprise endings/plot twists wrote about the lives of ordinary people in New York City. ironic or coincidental circumstances. Although some critics were not so enthusiastic about his work, the public loved it. Realism, Regionalism, Naturalism “The Ransom of Red Chief”, “The Cop and the Anthem”, “The Gifts of the Magi” William was an avid reader, but left school at age 15 jobs: in a drug store, on a Texas ranch, as a bank clerk. Was a heavy drinker, was accused of embezzling bank funds, and fled to Honduras to avoid trial. Came back when wife was dying. Served time for the embezzling charge. Began writing short stories in prison to support his daughter published over 600 stories for magazines and in collections! Died of cirrhosis of the liver, 1910.

12. “The Cop and the Anthem” Point of view Setting Characterization (direct/indirect) Naturalism Realism Regionalism Irony Round characters Flat characters

13. KATE CHOPIN (1850 – 1904) www.pbs.org Louisiana Creole background Early feminism Raised, married, had 6 kids in the South. Moved North when her husband died – St Louis area Published most stories in magazines Wrote a few novels Died of a brain hemorrhage at 53 years old. Women’s literature – the voice and stories of women of the time Women’s struggles for identity in a world dominated by men Realism Naturalism The Awakening, “A Pair of Silk Stockings” “The Story of an Hour”

14. Point of view Setting Irony: contrast between what is stated and what is meant situational – event occurs that contradicts expectations (of reader or characters) dramatic – a difference between what the character knows and what the reader/audience knows verbal – word or phrase used to suggest the opposite of its real meaning Naturalism: Realism: Plot Line: