1. MUSCLES OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL

2. Naming Skeletal Muscles [INSERT Table. 11.1-please use 2 slides if necessary]

3. Naming Skeletal Muscles

4. Muscles of the facial expression: Muscles that modify the expression of the face. Arranged as sphincters and dilators around the orifices of the face (e.g. orbit, nose, and mouth) Supplied by the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) Arise from the bones of the skull and Inserted into the skin.

9. The muscles of mastication Are four in number. They are supplied by the mandibular branch of Trigeminal nerve. They include: Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral pterygoid and Medial pterygoid muscles.

10. Muscles of mastication

11. Muscles of Mastication

14. MuscleOriginInsertionNerve supplyAction TemporalisTemporal fossaCoronoid process of mandible Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve Elevates and retracts mandible MasseterZygomatic archLateral side of mandibular ramus Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve Elevates and protracts mandible Lateral Pterygoid Lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid Condylar process of mandible Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve Depress and protracts mandible Medial Pterygoid Medial side of lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla Medial surface of mandible Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve Elevates and protracts mandible

15. Extrensic Muscles of the Tongue –Palatoglossus Originates at palate –Styloglossus Originates at styloid process –Genioglossus Originates at chin –Hypoglossus Originates at hyoid bone

16. Muscles of the tongue Function: 1.It moves food around the mouth. 2.With the buccinator muscle it holds the food in place while the teeth grind it. 3.It pushes food up towards the palate and back towards the pharynx to initiate swallowing. 4.It changes shape to modify sound during speech. The tongue is vital for mastication and speech.

18. Tongue muscles

19. Muscles of the Pharynx –Pharyngeal constrictor muscles Move food into esophagus –Laryngeal elevator muscles Elevate the larynx –Palatal muscles Lift the soft palate

22. Anterior Muscles of the Neck (supra hyiod muscles) –Digastric From chin to hyoid And hyoid to mastoid –Mylohyoid Floor of the mouth –Geniohyoid Between hyoid and chin

26. suprahyoid muscles MUSCLEORIGININSERTIONACTIONINNERVATION Digastric Digastric notch, medial surface of base of mastoid process Digastric fossa Depress the mandible Posterior belly: facial nerve Anterior belly:nerve to mylohyoid Stylohyoid Back of styloid process near the base of skull By two slips into the junction between the greater horn and body of hyoid bone ELevate hyoid bone Facial nerve Mylohyoid Whole length of mylohyoid line of its own side on the inner aspect of the mandible from medial to the third molar tooth to below the mental spines Anterior ¾: into each other (interdigitation) Posterior ¼: anterior surface of the body of hyoid bone Forms a mobile but stable floor of the mouth Mylohyoid nerve Geniohyoid Inferior mental spine Upper border of the body of hyoid bone. Protracts and elevates the hyoid bone in swallowing or if the hyoid is fixed to depresses the mandible. C1(superior root of ansa cervicalis)

27. Anterior Muscles of the Neck –Stylohyoid Between hyloid and styloid –Sternocleidomastoid From clavicle and sternum to mastoid –Omohyoid Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid

28. Sternocleidomastoid Muscles Both sides: extension of head at atlantooccipit al joint & flexion of neck Right side: rotation to left & lateral flexion to right Left side: rotation to right & lateral flexion to left

29. Stenocleidomastoid muscle Origin: Manubrium sterni and medial third of the clavicle Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone. Nerve supply: Accessory nerve, C2 and C3 Action When the two muscles acting together, they extend head and flex neck. One muscle rotates the head to the opposite side.

31. Table of Muscles MuscleOriginInsertionActionNerve Supply Sternohyoidsternumhyoidansa Omohyoid Suprascapular notch hyoidansa Sternothyroid Below sternohyoid on manubrium Thyroid cartilage oblique line ansa Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage oblique line hyoidC1-C2 (ansa) Anterior Belly Digastric ----- intermediate tendon------ Inner surface of mandile Trigeminal nerve Posterior Belly Digastric Medial aspect of the mastoid process -intermediate tendon- Facial nerve Mylohyoid Mylohyoid line of mandible Hyoid bone Trigeminal nerve HyoglossusHyoid bone Lateral side of tongue hypoglossal StylohyoidStyloid processhyoidFacial nerve

32. Respiratory muscles

33. Muscles of neck The SCALENE ANTERIOR MUSCLE appears in the lower anterior corner of the triangle, often under the cover of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

35. 35

36. 36 Thoracic skeleton post view

37. Typical rib 37 Atypical ribs

38. Thoracic vertebrae 38

39. Sternum and Joints 39

40. Intercostal muscles  External  Internal  Innermost  Subcostalis  Intercostalis intima  Sternocostalis {transversus thoracis } 40

41. 41 Intercostal muscles

42. 42 External and internal intercostal muscles

43. 43 External and internal intercostal muscles

44. 44 External and internal intercostal muscles

45. Subcostalis, Intercostalis intima & Sternocostalis 45

46. Intercostal arteries, nerves, and vein 46

47. Intercostal nerve 47

48. Pleural tap / Paracentesis thoracis 48

49. Diaphragm A circumpennate muscle that separates between thoracic and abdominal cavity. Causes the major movement produced during breathing. Origin; interior of the ribs, sternum and lumbar vertebrae Insertion; central tendon Nerve supply: Phrenic nerve Action: Inspiration, depresses the floor of the thorax. Apertures of the diaphragm LevelStructures passing through CavalT8Inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve. OesophagealT10Oesophagus, Right and left vagus nerves, oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels, lymphatics. AorticT12Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein

51. Anterolateral wall (M rectus abdominis, M oblique abdominis externus, M oblique abdominis internus and M transverse abdominis). 1.The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column. 2.Contraction of the abdominal muscles when the vertebral column is fixed decreases the volume of the abdominal and thoracic cavities and increases the intra-abdominal pressure which aids in defecation, urination and child birth. 3.The crossing pattern of the muscle fibers creates a strong anterior abdominal wall that holds and protects the abdominal viscera.

52. Anterolateral wall (M rectus abdominis, M oblique abdominis externus, M oblique abdominis internus and M transverse abdominis).

55. Rectus Sheath: Long fibrous sheath that encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles. Contents: 1.The lower six thoracic nerves (anterior rami) 2.Superior and inferior epigastric vessels 3.Lymph vessels.

56. Formation: It is formed mainly by the aponeurosis of the three lateral abdominal muscles. Above the costal margin: Anterior wall external oblique Posterior wall costal cartilage Between the costal margin and the level of anterior superior iliac spine: Internal oblique split to enclose the rectus abdominis muscle. Anterior wall external oblique + anterior lamina of internal oblique. Posterior wall costal cartilage + posterior lamina of internal oblique. Between the level of anterior superior iliac spine and pubis, the aponeuroses of all three muscles form the anterior wall. The posterior wall is absent and the rectus abdominis is in contact with fascia transversalis.

57. Muscles of the abdominal wall

58. Posterior abdominal wall (M quadratus lumborum and M psoas major). Quadratus Lumborum Psoas major muscle Origin: Transverse processes and side of bodies of lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral discs. Insertion: lesser trochanter Nerve supply: lumbar nerves Action: Flex the thigh at the hip joint on the trunk.