1. Scalp : layers, muscles, vessels, and innervations of the scalp The skin of the scalp continues from the front and lateral side of the face into the occipital region of the skull posteriorly. The scalp is made of 5 layers and they spell scalp: S -- Skin C -- Connective tissue (Dense) A -- Aponeuroses L -- Loose connective tissue P -- Periosteum-Pericranium

3. Major Sutures and Anthropological Landmarks of the Skull The major sutures to identify are the: Coronal Lambdoid Sagittal Major anthropological points: Bregma Lambda

5. The motor nerves to the muscles of facial expression and the muscles themselves are just beneath the skin. Usually muscles have 2 bony attachments (Insertion & Origin). The muscles of the face may have a bony attachment but the insertion is into the skin. This is how we can make facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger. Once skin is removed, the muscles are identified

7. Muscles of facial expression 1.Frontalis 2.Orbicularis oculi: Orbital portion Palpebral portion 3.Zygomaticus major 4.Levator labii superioris alequae nasii 5.Levator anguli oris 6.Orbicularis oris 7.Risorius 8.Depressor anguli oris 9.Depressor labii inferioris 10.Mentalis 11.Platysma

8. Image displays the Buccinator and the Masseter muscles. The Masseter is a muscle of mastication, not facial expression but it is superficial in the face. Muscles around the mouth include: Zygomaticus major (3) Levator labii superior alequae nasii (4) Levator anguli oris (5) Orbicularis oris (6) Risorius (7) Depressor anguli oris (8) Depressor labii inferioris (9) Buccinator Muscles around the orbit are: Frontalis (1) Orbicularis oculi (2)

9. MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE FACE The motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression is Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) (green in the diagram). It leaves the skull through the stylomastoid foramen on the base of the skull and immediately turns forward to enter the substance of the parotid gland (pink in the image). While within the gland, it divides into 5 major divisions: T -- temporal Z -- zygomatic B -- buccal M -- mandibular C -- cervical