1. Food and Agriculture Ch. 10 packet

2. Origin of Agriculture 10.1 Agriculture: – Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain Cultivate – To care for Crop: – Any plant cultivated by people

3. Origin of Agriculture 10.1 Hunters and gatherers – Small groups – Male-female division of labor – Daily food gathering – Mobility – Only 250,000 today Before the invention of agriculture, hunting and gathering was the way in which humans obtained their food!

4. Origin of Agriculture 10.1 Why agriculture originated… see page 223 1.Environmental factors 2.Cultural Factors

5. Diet 10.2 Factors affecting food consumption 1.Level of development -People in developed countries consume more food from different sources than do people in developing countries 2. Physical Conditions - *In LDC: climate impacts what is most easily grown and therefore mostly readily consumed - *In MDC: food is shipped long distances to places with different climates 3. Cultural Preferences - some food preferences and avoidances are expressed without regard for physical or economic factors

6. Diet 10.2 Total consumption of food – Dietary energy consumption: the amount of food than an individual consumes. Most derived from grain – Grains and grasses which yield grain for food Three leading cereal grains: – Maize (corn) – Wheat – Rice

7. Nutrition and Hunger 10.3 Dietary energy needs – Needed average kcals: 1,800 kcals/day – Average global consumption 2,780 kcals/day – People in MDCs take more than twice the recommended minimum – People in USA has highest per person consumption – Average in sub-Saharan Africa is 2290/day per person Indicates many are not getting enough

8. Nutrition and Hunger 10.3 Undernourishment – Is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity Africa’s food-supply struggle – Struggle to keep food production ahead of population growth – Food production per capita has changed very little in a half- century

9. Agriculture Regions 10.4 Subsistence agriculture –Practiced in LDCs –Provides food for direct consumption for farmer and family Commercial agriculture –Practiced in MDCs –Generates a surplus for sale off the farm to food processing companies

10. Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture 10.5 Farm size- – Commercial Ag Larger Smaller number of farmers (& farms) Mechanization Largest amounts of capital Percentage of farmers in society – Developed countries= 5% engaged in agriculture – Developing countries= 50% engaged in agriculture Use of Machinery – Developed countries= heavy reliance on machinery rather than people or animals, like developing countries

11. Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture 10.5 21 st century farmers aided by three things: 1. Transportation aids commercial food distributions 2. Scientific advances to increase productivity 3. Electronics - GPS

12. Most of the information from here on out has new terms and concepts! Write most of it down! Compare it to our highlights in the chapter 10 packet.

13. Subsistence Agriculture Regions 10.6 Shifting Cultivation- slash and burn agriculture –Villagers designate an area near settlement for planting. They use axes and machetes to cut down dense vegetation and then on a windless day they burn the debris under controlled conditions. –Swidden: the cleared area in slash-and-burn agriculture Also known as ladang, milpa, chena, and kaingin –Practiced in humid, tropical areas Rain forest areas –Being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and commercial cash crops

14. Subsistence Agriculture Regions 10.6 Pastoral Nomadism –The herding of domesticated animals –Adapted to dry climates where planting and growing crops is impossible North Africa, SW Asia, Central Asia Intensive Subsistence –Practiced in areas with high agricultural densities –Most work done by hand Large labor supply and insufficient funds to buy machinery –Wet rice: growing rice in dry lands but then transporting the seedlings to flooded fields –To meet the demands of a large population, intensive subsistence agriculture is using terraces in order to put more land into agricultural production and therefore yield more food

15. Subsistence Agriculture Regions 10.6 Plantation agriculture –Plantation- form of commercial agriculture in developing regions that specializes in one or two crops –Most are found in developing countries –Most owners are from developed countries

16. Commercial Agriculture Regions 10.7 Mixed Crop and Livestock –In developed countries –Most of crops fed to animals rather than humans –Corn and soybeans are most common crops –Crop rotation: the successive planting of different crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases. Dairy Farming –Must be located closer to markets than other ag. products because milk is highly perishable –Milkshed: the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling –Rising incomes allow residents to buy more milk products

17. Commercial Agriculture Regions 10.7 Grain Farming –Located in regions generally too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming Great Plains of North America Wheat Harvesting –Primarily for human consumption Livestock Ranching –Ranching: Commercial grazing of ag. over an extensive area. –Primarily practiced on arid or semi-arid lands – “too dry” –Contemporary ranching part of meat-processing industry –People who live in MDCs mostly depend on meat for their protein. Commercial gardening and fruit farming- truck farming Mediterranean Agriculture: olives and grapes

18. Fishing 10.8 Two ways water-based food is acquired: 1. Caught 2. Farmed Aquaculture (aquafarming): the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions - China is responsible for 40% of the world’s fish yield Fish consumption –In past half century fish consumption has doubled worldwide –Tripled in developing countries –Fish accounts for 6% of all protein consumed by humans Overfishing: The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce –90% reduction in some fish species

19. Subsistence Ag. And Population Growth 10.9 Two main challenges faced by Subsistence Farmers 1.Demand to feed more people than ever before 2.Growing food for export rather than for direct consumption Four Strategies for increasing food productivity 1.Expand agricultural land –11% of world’s land used for ag. –Excessive or inadequate water makes expansion difficult –Expansion of ag. Land much slower than increase of human population

20. Subsistence Ag. And Population Growth 10.9 Four Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.) 2. Increase agricultural productivity –Green Revolution technologies Norman Borlaug: helped create a “miracle rice seed”, higher yielding, stronger… Green Revolution: The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1960s and 1970s –It is responsible for preventing a food crisis in developing countries in 1970s and 1980s 3. Improve food sources Two improved food sources: 1. Higher protein cerials grains - better nutrition without changing diet 2. Palatability of rarely consumed goods - eating soybean products

21. Subsistence Ag. And Population Growth 10.9 Four Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.) 4. Expand Exports - Expand exports: trade in food has increased since 2000. - Three top export grains: wheat, corn, rice - Four leading net exporters: Argentina, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the U.S. - Four leading net importers: Japan, China, Russia, and the UK

22. Commercial Ag. Market Forces 10.10 Agribusiness: The system of commercial farming found in the developed countries (pg 240) –Farming integrated into large food production industry Ex: tractor manufacturing, fertilizer production, seed distribution Responding to market forces rather than to feeding the farmer. –Farmers are less than 2% of US labor force About 20% of US labor force works in food production Von Thünen model explains importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms. –Von Thünen believed that a commercial farmer decides to grow particular crops based on their location from market

23. Commercial Ag. Market Forces 10.10 Productivity Challenges: –Surplus leads to low incomes Increased yield per cow (dairy farming) has tripled Government Subsidies: 1. Farmers encouraged to produce crops that are in excess supply 2. Government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low 3. Government buys surplus production Sells or donates it –Developed countries: encouraged to grow less food –Developing countries: struggle to increase food production

24. Sustainable Agriculture 10.11 Sustainable agriculture and organic farming –Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality –Sustainable agriculture and organic farming Rely on: –Sensitive land management 1.Limited use of chemicals 2.Integrated crop and livestock Sensitive land management –Ridge tillage: System of planting crops on ridgetops Lower production cost Greater soil conservation

25. Sustainable Agriculture 10.11 1. Limited use of chemicals 2. Integrated crop and livestock –Head size and distribution –Animal confinement –Management in extreme weather –Flexible feeding and marketing

26. Chapter Review: Key Questions: pg 244 1.What do people eat? 1.How is agriculture distributed? 1.What challenges does agriculture face?