1. The Restoration Period and 18 th Century 1660-1798

2. Unit Themes Criticism and Satire -Jonathan Swift – “A Modest Proposal” -Alexander Pope – “Epigrams” and “from An Essay on Man” -Aesop – “The Raven and the Fox” Trials of Life -Daniel Defoe – “from A Journal of the Plague Year” -Media Resources – “The Most Dangerous Virus in the World” – by Laurie Garrett – Ladies Home Journal, November 1995 Recent Ebola virus articles from various news outlets

3. History Charles II invited to restore the monarchy in 1660 (previous leader - Puritan Oliver Cromwell) -This return was a celebration for the people of England and signed the beginning of a new era free from the oppression of Cromwell. -Charles II like impressive things and wore fancy wigs and clothing

4. History The Glorious Revolution -After Charles II died in 1685, his brother James II took the throne. -The unpopular king was replaced in 1688 by James’s daughter Mary and her husband William. James fled England for the protection of Louis XIV after William the Prince of Orange invaded England. Since James vacated the throne, Mary, James’s daughter, took the throne with her husband William. Their rule was a co-regency. William was a protestant leader. This change of power was called “The Glorious Revolution” because no one was killed for the throne. This ended the RESTORATION. William and Mary affirmed the 1689 Bill of Rights. Those with property elected Parliament (most representative government of the time). The College of William and Mary was founded in the United States in 1693.

5. History The Last of the Stuarts -After Mary and William died, Anne (daughter of James II) acquired the throne. She was the last of the Stuart line. -Parliament passed Act of Settlement to prevent future Roman Catholics from ruling. -1707 Act of the Union passed – Scotland joined England to become Great Britain. Source: yourdictionary.com

6. History King George I King George I succeeded Queen Anne. He was from Germany and never learned English. Son George II was also unpopular Grandson George III was an educated Englishman Industrial Revolution Brought changes in economy, society and manufacturing Factories Migration of people from farms to urban communities New class distinctions “Capitalists” owned factories – higher social class.

7. Industrial Revolution -Began in Great Britain in 1770s and extended to Western Europe and the United States. Growth in agriculture and industrial production, economic expansion, living conditions changed -Advancements: -Jethro Tull’s mechanical seed sower – large- scale planting in rows -James Wyatt’s steam engine – created mechanical energy -John Kay’s flying shuttle -James Hargreave’s spinning jenny – weaving cloth -Sir Isaac Newton discovered laws of gravity, invented calculus - Hargreave’s spinning jenny - Public domain image

8. Life -Plague carried by rats from ships infected and killed approx. 70,000 people in 1665. -The Great Fire on 1666 began in a bakery. Approx. 13,000 homes and 88 churches were destroyed. -Flush toilets introduced in England by Alexander Cumming (s-shaped trap) and Joseph Bramah (patented the flap flush) -First newspapers introduced in London -Model of a piano created in Italy -1742 Handel’s Messiah was first performed -1770 Frenchman Nicholas Joseph Cugnot created the first automobile "Bramah water closet" by Joseph Bramah(Life time: na) - Original publication: patentImmediate source: http://teamdwiki.wikispaces.com/Home+-+Wiki+2. Via Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bramah_water_closet.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Bramah_water_closet.jpg

9. Life (continued) -Poorer people invented toast because cold bread was not conducive to spreading butter. -Women wore flowy, light-colored dresses with corsets. Men wore casaques (capes that buttoned). Wigs were popular with both men and women. -Architect Christopher Wren designed Saint Paul’s Cathedral -People visited Bath to visit the spa and gamble -People enjoyed puppet shows, animal- baiting and prizefighting - Saint Paul’s Cathedral – public domain image

10. Literature -Newspapers - During Charles II’s reign, newspapers gained more freedom (still could not criticize the government). -Magazines – The Tatler and The Spectator – included articles about current events and gossip -Novels Daniel DeFoe – Robinson Crusoe – tale of a shipwrecked man Henry Fielding – Tom Jones – romantic novel Laurence Sterne – Tristram Shandy – stream-of-conscience novel

11. Literature (continued) Satire Horatian – author mildly makes fun of a subject Juvenalian – author mercilessly criticizes characters and actions Popular Satirists Jonathan Swift- “Modest Proposal” and Gulliver’s Travels Alexander Pope – mocking poetry

12. Jonathan Swift Born in Dublin, Ireland Parents were English Family became poor after his father died Lived with his uncle Could read at 3 Barely graduated college due to depression Hired by Sir William Temple to be his secretary (age 22) Obtained an M.A. degree from the University of Oxford Became an Anglican priest after encouragement from King William III Wrote “A Tale of a Tub” in defense of the Anglican Church Wrote “The Battle of the Books” – mock debate between ancient and modern authors Wrote essays for The Tatler magazine Named dean of Dublin’s St. Patrick’s Cathedral at 46 Wrote Gulliver’s Travels – a masterpiece of literature Challenged English policies and fought for the rights of Irish people Died at 78 and gave his money to build a hospital

13. A Modest Proposal Published by Swift in 1729 in Dublin Background of the proposal Early 1700s. Irish blamed country’s severe poverty on the idea that English landlords were charging high rents, charging high taxes on Ireland, and restricting Irish trade. The English did not always treat Roman Catholics in Ireland fairly. Swift’s pamphlet shows his disgust with English policies in a satirical manner. Satire – “using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices” – oxforddictionaries.com