1. Also known as the “New Democracy” APUSH Unit 4 Ch10 Pages 314-340 Including visuals from Ms. Susan M. Pojer

3. The New Democracy was based on Universal White Manhood Suffrage

4. More people can vote AND more people are “inspired” by politics

5. White male suffrage increased Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors Spoils system Rise of Third Parties Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, beer etc.) The Missouri Compromise reawakened many Americans to politics and got rid of the apathy and unorganized parties of the Era of Good Feelings

6. Jeffersonian Democracy: The people should be governed as little as possible Jacksonian Democracy adds to this: The governing that is done should be done directly by the people

7. Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

9. Made people think that Jackson was a “common man” Important because the aristocratic were not cool during this time period - Davy Crockett types were

10. FIRST KNOWN PAINTING OF JACKSON - 1815 JACKSON DURING THE SEMINOLE WARS

11. The Election of 1824 AKA “The Corrupt Bargain”

12. Remember - Jackson was the RESULT of the New Democracy, not the cause of it

13. Jackson known as “Old Hickory”

14. Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] William H. Crawford [GA]

15. A “Corrupt Bargain?”

16. All four candidates were running on the generic “Republican” ticket  Calhoun was VP for Jackson AND JQA Jackson won, but of the 4 – not a majority (when this happens, the decision goes to Congress)  Clay was 4 th and Speaker of the House  Clay convinced the House of Reps to pick JQA (2 nd place) as president  Clay became Secretary of State

17. Short, bald, irritable, sarcastic, and tactless according to the American Pageant  Swam naked in the Potomac! Supported Clay and his American System Anti-Spoils Supported fair treatment of Native American treaties A great Secretary of State – not a great President

18. Attempt by pro-Jacksonites to split New England and Adams Increased protective rates from Tariff of 1816 45% duty on some manufactured items (hurt the South) High tariff on raw materials like wool (would hurt New England factories)

19. South suffered under tariff because they sold their cotton in an unprotected world but had to buy manufactured goods at tariff prices. High tariff prices also cut consumption FROM the United States.  If America bought fewer English textiles, England would buy less cotton.  Hurt the South coming and going.

21.  The Two-party system returned in the 1828 election:  The Democratic - Republicans would become:  National Republicans (1828) with JQA   Whigs (1836)   Republicans (1856)  The other half of the Democratic- Republicans would be:  Democratic - Republicans (1828) with Jackson   Democrats (1832) with Jackson

22. Final Divorce Decree

23. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife Adams was also bad- mouthed, he was called a gambler and a pimp by Jacksonites…

25. Jackson won with support from the West and South A “Revolution” because it is a political shift to the people  Product of increased suffrage  “If Jefferson had been the hero of the gentleman farmer, Jackson was the hero of the dirt farmer”

27. 1. The Planter Elite in the South 2. People on the Frontier 3. State Politicians – spoils system 4. Immigrants in the cities. Based on faith in the Common Man

30. Anti-federalist and Anti-American System (but federal government was ultimately supreme over the states) Pro-Common Man Democracy and states rights Anti-secession / Pro-union Used veto more than all previous presidents combined

31. “Rotation in Office”

32. First real overhaul of federal offices  Really only approximately 1/5 of the old civil servants were dismissed  Still – merit and the ideal of public service were thrown out and replaced by party loyalty  Lots of corruption: one known crook was awarded the position of the collector of customs at the port of NYC, left for England after 9 years with $1 million. Spoils system was here to stay for over 50 years.

33. Typical 6 person cabinet was supplemented by an extra-official cabinet of 13 ever changing members  Dubbed the “Kitchen Cabinet” by Jackson’s enemies  But never really officially met, influence has been exaggerated and was not unconstitutional

34. Regular cabinet had crisis in 1831 because of “Eaton malaria” Calhoun quit as VP and returned to the Senate for SC abandoning nationalism and defending southern sectionalism.  He became known as “The Great Nullifier” Peggy Eaton didn’t cause the Civil War…

35. 1.The Tariff 2.The Bank 3.Native American Removal 4.The Formation of the Whig Party

37. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote The SC Exposition and Protest (1828) to promote nullification.  Based on the ideas in the Kentucky and VA Resolutions  “States Rights” interpretation of the Constitution  Calhoun believed that nullification would actually prevent problems like secession. Beginning of the turning of the country FROM Nationalism TO States Rights

38. A nine-day debate between the NE and S+W took place in January of 1830. Webster turned the debate against nullification saying that if each of the (then) 24 states were two go their own way in regard to every law, there wouldn’t be a union:  “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”

39. There were no official judges and each side was happy with its champion Webster’s arguments for the Union were “seared in the mind” of countless Northerners as his speech was published in 40,000 pamphlets  Among the readers, a 21 year old Abraham Lincoln and other schoolboys since the speech was published in school readers as well

40. Jackson was mainly silent on this issue and other politicians meant to smoke him out at a Jefferson day dinner by making toasts to Jefferson and eventually nullification. Against their expectations, Jackson’s toast was: “Our Union: It must be preserved” and Calhoun responded: “The union, next to our liberty, most dear”

41. Tariff of 1828 - Tariff of Abominations Tariff of 1832 - Lowered Tariff of 1828 by about 10%. “Did away with the worst part of abominations” but South still felt was too protective South’s Reaction:  In 1832 SC voted on an Ordinance of Nullification declaring the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and threatened to secede if the federal government tried to collect taxes

42. Jackson was preparing to attack South Carolina as South Carolina was preparing to secede Henry Clay was working on the Compromise Tariff of 1833  Reduced the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years. By 1842 the tariff would be back at the 1816 tariff level. Congress also passed the Force Bill at this time  Which SC nullified! But this all calmed things down for now

43. Jackson should have killed the baby snake of secession in the nest to have prevented the Civil War OR Violence begets violence and compromise was a fine American tradition and the correct road to take in 1833 What do you think???

45. Clay (Nationalist Republican) was going to run against Jackson in 1832.  He decided to use the BUS as a campaign issue and instead of waiting for it to be renewed in 1836, he forced its renewal in 1832.  Jackson vetoed it

46. Jackson worried Biddle would somehow recharter BUS before 1836 so he stopped depositing federal funds there Instead, Jackson deposited all federal funds in a series of state banks that were called “pet banks” Jackson did burst the speculative bubble by issuing the Specie Circular, which required that all federal lands be purchased with hard currency instead of the “wildcat” currency that was running rampant in the West.  This brought hard times for the West

47. $ Banknotes lose their value. $ Land sales plummeted. $ Credit not available. $ Businesses began to fail. $ Unemployment rose. One Cause Of The PANIC OF 1837!

48. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!  1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States.  1836  the charter expired.  1841  the bank went bankrupt

49. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

50. Not really a problem for Jackson, but it happened in the middle here…

51. 3 rd Party  Anti-Masonic Party: Thrived on America’s fear of secret societies.  Also Anti-Jackson because Jackson was a proud Mason.  Joined with evangelical Protestant groups trying to limit what could happen on Sundays. National Nominating Conventions  Called by all 3 parties Party Platforms  Created by Anti-Masonics and National Republicans  Publicized the party’s issues

52. 1832 Electi on Resul ts

54. America had populated all land East of the Mississippi yet 125,000 Native Americans still remained Washington’s government treated them as separate nations and agreed to acquire land from them only in formal treaties, but this treatment did not hold. Many whites tried to “civilize” and Christianize the Native Americans by sending missionaries, teaching English, etc.  The Southeastern tribes, especially the Cherokee, but also the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles were called the 5 Civilized Tribes for their efforts at adaptation.

55. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): Native Americans were “domestic dependent nations” Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Native American nations were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive [and is] guaranteed by the United States”  Jackson ignored this

56. Jackson seemed to portray his removal of the Native Americans as helping them by taking them out of the white world. Also emigration was supposed to be voluntary, but wasn’t.

58. More than 100,000 Indians were uprooted by the 1830 passage of the Indian Removal Act. Most were removed to present day Oklahoma. The Cherokees who were moved in a 116 day journey in the fall and winter of 1838- 1839 suffered horribly as 20%-25% of their 15,000 people died on the trek.

61. Some rebellions did occur: The Sauk and the Fox (from Illinois and Wisconsin) fought under the leader Black Hawk but were crushed in 1832. In Florida, the Seminoles and runaway slaves hid in the Everglades and fought against capture for 7 years until the commander, Osceola, was captured under treachery by the American army.

63. Emerged in 1834 where Clay and Calhoun joined forces to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his removal of federal deposits from the BUS.  Mutual hatred of Jackson: "King Andrew I” Evolved into a national political party of groups alienated by Jackson.  Won House of Reps in 1834 Problems between North (supported tariffs) and South who didn’t Anti-Masonic party joined

64. A Whig Cartoon “King Andrew I”? A Whig Cartoon “King Andrew I”?

65. Whigs chose to operate on the “favorite sons” plan  Would run a number of popular candidates like William Henry Harrison  Believed this would force the vote to the HOR where the Whigs would win Democrats ran Martin van Buren  Handpicked and forced through by Jackson

66. Supported by:  Northern industrialists and merchants (wealthiest Americans)  Southern states’ rights advocates angry at Jackson’s stand on nullification  Evangelicals from Anti-Masonic party Supported Clay’s "American System" Sought to reduce the spoils system Later supported moral reforms  Prohibition of alcohol and abolition of slavery Sought to use national government to solve society’s problems (over states’ rights issues)

67. Supported by the common people and machine politicians in the East States’ Rights – opposed to "American System" Favored spoils system Anti-monopoly—favored increased competition Believed federal government should not be involved in people’s personal lives

68. Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

69. Demonstrated value of strong executive leadership in 1832 tariff controversy Became the champion of the common people in politics Established the Democratic Party (& sparked the 2-party system with the Whigs as opposition)

70. Spoils system Killing the BUS resulted in thousands of bank failures until the 20th century Specie circular hurt western farmers Flouted authority of the Supreme Court with the Cherokee and BUS Trail of Tears and Indian Removal Cabinet crisis and break with Calhoun resulted in increased sectionalism.

71. 1767 - 1845

73. Most important cause: overspeculation  Land speculators in the West borrowed heavily from "wildcat banks."  Speculation spread to canals, roads, and slaves.  Unable to pay back loans causing bank failures Jacksonian finance, Bank War & Specie Circular, further hurt the economy Flour Riot: crop failures forced grain prices so high that NY mobs stormed warehouses and broke open flour barrels. (During Jackson's last days) Failure of 2 major British banks caused English investors to call in foreign loans – this was the trigger

75. American banks collapsed by the hundreds including "pet banks" which lost several million dollars in government funds. Commodity prices and sale of public land fell -> customs revenues dried up. Factories closed -> unemployment soared.

76. Whigs sought expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, & internal improvement funds Whig proposals blocked by Van Buren who still clung to the Jacksonian ideal of limited government

77. Van Buren was convinced that part of the depression was due to federal funds being given to private banks.  Held the Jacksonian principle of "divorcing" government from banks altogether. The Independent Treasury System was established where government could put its surplus in certain banks in several of the larger cities. Funds were safe but denied to the banking system as reserves  This decreased available credit resources. Policy condemned by the Whigs and repealed next year when they won the presidency.  Reenacted in 1846 by Democrats, after Polk became president.

80. Van Buren Taking the Blame for His Own and Jackson's Monetary Policies

82. MVB (D) against war-hero General Harrison (W). Became a battle between the people’s Harrison and aristocratic Van Buren (ironic – MVB is a Dem). Harrison’s slogans included “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” and the ever popular, “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”. Election was a new low in politics, focusing on slogans instead of issues (this helped the Whigs overcome the fact that they had no actual platform and were a fragmented party).

84. First mass-turnout election in American history Propaganda and silly slogans set unfortunate example for future campaigns.  Solidly principled party ousted for hoopla Liberty Party: 1st anti-extension of slavery party, also in the race with James G. Birney as its candidate.

85. Harrison died after 4 weeks in office in 1841 Pneumonia from talking too long at his inauguration!

86. Tyler takes over, but is more of a Democrat than a Whig – he just didn’t like Jackson and was an individual so he had left the Democrats for the Whigs earlier

87. Clay still wanted to push through his Whig plans: 1. A law ending the independent treasury  Passed by Tyler

88. 2. A law creating a Fiscal Bank, which would establish a new BUS  Vetoed by Tyler  Clay tried again with a “Fiscal Corporation”  Vetoed by Tyler  Whigs were very angry  Dispelled Tyler from the party and thought about impeaching him  Entire cabinet, except SOS Webster, resigned

89. 3. Rise in Tariffs including a “redistribution plan” that would take funds from the sale of public western lands and distribute those funds amongst the states  Vetoed by Tyler – rates too high and thought the feds should keep the money So Clay pushed a new Tariff plan (about 32% and the 1832 levels) and no dollar redistribution  Approved by Tyler

91. (altered)2001: The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has been celebrated as the era of the “Common man.” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider both of the following in your response. Economic development Politics