1. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology

2.  What is the difference in an Autotroph & Heterotroph? Producer & Consumer?  Write the equation for Photosynthesis.  What is the role of a Primary Consumer?  List the 3 types of Heterotrophs.  What does a food chain show?  How many links is a food chain?  What percent of Energy is passed on to the next level?  How is Nitrogen Fixed in the Nitrogen Cycle?

3. II. Nutrition and Energy Flow A. How Organsisms Obtain Energy 1. Autotrophs - use energy from sun or stored chemical compounds to manufacture nutrients Ex: plants, some unicellular organisms *Photosynthesis - done by plants & algae & some types of bacteria CO 2 + H 2 O yields C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

4. Jobs in a Community PRODUCERS: Organisms that make food in a community. Examples: Anything that uses photosynthesis to make food; trees, bushes, algae…

5. Jobs in a Community Primary Consumer: Animals that eat only plants (herbivore). Examples; Rabbit, Deer, Bird… Secondary Consumer: Animals that eat other animals (Carnivore or Omnivore) Examples: Owl, Human, Bear…

6. 2. Heterotrophs - cannot make own food, must feed on other organisms Ex: Herbivores - Eat plants Carnivores - Eat animals Omnivores - Eat both plants and animals

7. 3. Scavengers - eat on animals that have already died. Ex: vultures, beetles

8. 4. Decomposers - break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms. Ex: Fungi, bacteria, protozoan

9. Jobs in the Community Decomposers: Living things that get their food from breaking down dead matter. Examples: Bacteria, Fungi… Importance: Without decomposers, the world would be covered in dead material, they are the RECYCLERS!

10. B. Matter and Energy Flow in Ecosystems 1. Food Chain - Simple model to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem. *Usually 3-5 links (amount of energy remaining by fifth step is minimal)

12. 2. Trophic Level - Each organism in a food chain represent a feeding step in the passage of energy and material.

13. TROPHIC LEVELS AND FOOD CHAINS Level 1: Producer Level 2: Primary Consumers (herbivores) Level 3: Secondary Consumer (carnivores sometimes omnivores) Level 4… Level 5… (TOP) Carnivores

14. TROPHIC LEVELS AND FOOD CHAINS Level 1: Producer Level 2: Primary Consumers (herbivores) Level 3: Secondary Consumer (carnivores sometimes omnivores) Level 4… Level 5… (TOP) Carnivores

15. 3. Ecological Pyramid - Shows how energy flows through ecosystems.

16. Biomass= Total weight of all ecosystem organisms. Productivity of Ecosystems Pg. 673

17. Types of Pyramids: See page 674

18. 4. Food Web - Model that expresses all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community. Connections Differences

20. Communities Community: All of the living things in an area that depend upon each other. Example: Pond Community. Habitat: The place where a plant or animal lives. Example: Squirrel lives in several different trees in the forest, skunk lives in a single hollow log. Niche: An organisms role in the community. Example: Most green plants convert sunlight into energy and release oxygen. Other animals are dependent on the plants for survival. VERY important.

21. Community  All populations in a habitat 1. Interactions between climate & topography give it its temp. rainfall, soil types etc. 2. Available food 3. Individuals have adaptive traits to survive 4. interaction of species by competition, predation, mutually helpful activities 5. Arrival & disappearance of species

22. A method that allows certain species to blend in with the environmental surroundings for protection.

24. Is a means of natural defense employing conspicuous colors, sounds, or other methods by which an organisms openly projects a warning signal to potential predators It wants to be noticed…Notice “Stay Away!”

26. is any species that has evolved to appear similar to another successful species in order to dupe predators into avoiding the mimic, or dupe prey into approaching the mimic. A mimic generally resembles its target in one or more of the following: appearance, behavior, and habitat.

27. Milk Snake Coral Snake (poisonous)

28. Hawk Moth Fly or Wasp? Thick-headed fly

29. C. Cycles in Nature 1. Water Cycle a. Precipitation b. Evaporation c. Transpiration d. Condensation

31. 2. Carbon Cycle a. Photosynthesis b. Aerobic Respiration

33. 3. Nitrogen Cycle a. Needs to be fixated (converted) to be used by plants 1. lightning 2. bacteria 3. man-made

35. 4. Phosphorus Cycle a. Short term b. Long term

37.  What is the difference in an Autotroph & Heterotroph? Producer & Consumer?  Write the equation for Photosynthesis.  What is the role of a Primary Consumer?  List the 3 types of Heterotrophs.  What does a food chain show?  How many links is a food chain?  What percent of Energy is passed on to the next level?  How is Nitrogen Fixed in the Nitrogen Cycle?