1. RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENTS
DR MOHAMMED MALIK AFROZ

2. CONTENTS X RAY MACHINE AND ITS COMPONENTS IOPA X RAY FILM – SIZE 0
OCCLUSAL X RAY FILM
LEAD BARRIER
LEAD APRON
DEVELOPER SOLUTION
FIXER SOLUTION
X RAY FILM HOLDER
DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX
X RAY TUBE DIAGRAM
LEAD FOIL
BLACK WRAPPING PAPER

3. SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
To know different equipments (materials) in x ray room
Importance of each equipment

4. Different components of Machine
High frequency x ray generator
Mobile stand containing
the main power board
Control timer unit
X ray exposure switch
x ray exposure button
Horizontal arm
Rectangular arm
On/off switch with LED
Handle
Front Brakes

5. IOPA X RAY FILMS Base Emulsion CLASSIFICATION Based On Their Usage
Intraoral Films
Extra Oral Films
Based On Their Exposure
Direct Exposure Films
Indirect Exposure Films
Based On Their Size
Based On Their Speed
COMPOSITION
Base
0.2mm thick
Polyester Polyethylene Teraphthalate
Emulsion
Silver Halide Grains
Vehicle Matrix.

6. IOPA X RAY FILMS – contd…
BLACK WRAPPING PAPER –
USE – TO AVOID MOISTURE CONTAMINATION
TO AVOID ACCIDENTAL LIGHT LEAKAGE
LEAD FOIL –
USE – TO PROTECT X RAY EXPOSURE TO OTHER AREAS OF BODY
Plastic Cover
Lead Foil
Black Wrapping Paper
X ray film

7. Digital X Ray Sensors RVG SENSORS – RADIO – VISIO – GRAPHY SENSORS
It is a digital sensor which is connected by a wire to the computer
The sensor transfers the image directly on the computer
There is very less processing time involved as it is done by computer itself
Disadvantage – cost and taking care of the sensors, difficult to place along with wire
Advantages – less time, more sensitive than the x ray film

8. Digital X Ray Sensors – contd…
PSP SENSOR – photostimulable phosphor plate
It is same size as that of x ray film
More sensitive than the x ray film
After taking a radiograph in the same way as x ray film
The sensor is passed through a reader which is connected to the computer
The reader transfers the image on to the computer
Advantages – no wire hence easy to operate, more sensitive than x ray film and RVG, sensor is reusable, sensor is more flexible
Disadvantages – cost, more processing time as it uses a reader to transfer the image on computer

9. RADIATION PROTECTION LEAD APRON Should be worn by the operator always
Pregnant patients should wear the lead apron before exposure
It is not advisable to exposure the pregnant patient to radiation in her 1st and 3rd Trimester.
If only one lead apron is available then it should be worn by the operator rather than the patient.

10. RADIATION PROTECTION – contd..
LEAD BARRIER
It is made up of lead and usually has wheels and a glass window in it
It protects the operator and other persons from exposure to x rays
Operator goes behind the shield before exposure after he arranges the patient and readies the machine
The window in the shield helps the operator to see before exposure that the patient is in the correct position

11. INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS
PARALELLING X RAY FILM HOLDERS
It has a ring and x ray holder which are connected to each other by a plastic or metal rod
The ring is used to guide the x ray tube and is kept outside the patient’s mouth
The x ray film holder is used to place the x ray film in it.
The metal rod is used to increase or decrease the gap between x ray tube ring and x ray film holder
There are different holders for anterior and posterior teeth.

12. INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS – CONTD…
IOPA X RAY FILM HOLDER/ SNAP ‘A’ RAY FILM HOLDER
Use – to hold the x ray film in patient mouth
It has got a larger beak and a small beak between which x ray film is placed
The larger beak is where the patient bites on the film
The other end of the holder is used to hold the x ray film for anterior teeth exposure

13. PROCESSING OF X RAY FILM
DEVELOPER SOLUTION
COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPER SOLUTION
FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT IN DEVELOPER SOLUTION
FIXER SOLUTION
COMPOSITION OF FIXER SOLUTION
FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT IN FIXER SOLUTION

14. Composition Of Developer
Pyrazolone Derivatives(1 – Phenyl Pyrazolidine)
Hydroquinine – it provides an electron to reduce oxidized Phenidone to its original form.
Function/use – Is the main component of developer solution which helps in developing the X ray film
Activator – sodium or potassium hydrozide
Developer is active at alkaline pH
Function/use – It keeps the developer solution in active state and at alkaline pH as developer gives electrons during X ray film developing

15. Developer Solution Preservative – Sodium Sulfite. Function/use –
Prevents developer from getting oxidized
It combines with brown oxidized developer to make it colourless
Restrainer – potassium bromide or Benzotriazole
Function/Use –
It is more effective in reducing the unexposed silver halide crytals from getting developed
If the film is kept for too long in the developer solution then developer solution can reduce even exposed crystals.

16. Fixer Composition
Clearing Agent – Aqueous solution of Ammonium Thiosulphate or Hypo.
Function/Use
It dissolves silver halide grains
It forms stable water soluble substances with silver ions
It does not have a rapid effect on metallic silver grains but excessive fixation results in gradual loss of film density

17. Preservative – Ammonium Sulfite
Acidifier – Acetic Acid is used which maintains the fixer solution at 4 – 5 pH
Function/Use
Is required to promote good diffusion (entry) of Thiosulphate (main fixer component) into the X ray film emulsion
Preservative – Ammonium Sulfite
Function/Use – It prevents oxidation of Thiosulphate solution
Hardener – Aluminium Sulfite
Function/Use –
Aluminium complexes with the gelatin during fixing and prevents damage to gelatin during subsequent handling.

18. DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX
CONTENTS –
Developer jar
Water jar
Fixer jar
USE – to develop the x ray film

19. X RAY TUBE

20. THANK YOU