1. Good Morning! INT1004 Introduction to Computers for Business Ulrich Werner, Adj. Prof. (IIS-RU)

2. Chapter 5 Digital Safety and Security Discovering Computers Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile Devices, and the Internet

3. Digital Security Risks A digital security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to a computer or mobile device hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability Any illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices generally is referred to as a computer crime A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

4. Digital Security Risks

5. HackerCracker Script kiddie Corporate spies Unethical employees Cyber- extortionist Cyber- terrorist

6. Internet and Network Attacks Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises Malware, short for malicious software, consists of programs that act without a user’s knowledge and deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices

7. Internet and Network Attacks

8. A botnet is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to a network – A compromised computer or device is known as a zombie A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet services – Distributed DoS (DDoS) A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate

9. Internet and Network Attacks A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion

10. Unauthorized ACCESS and USE Unauthorized access is the use of a computer or network without permission Unauthorized use is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal activities

11. Unauthorized Access and Use Access controls define who can access a computer, device, or network; when they can access it; and what actions they can take while accessing it The computer, device, or network should maintain an audit trail that records in a file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts – User name – Password – Passphrase – CAPTCHA

12. Unauthorized Access and Use A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility – Often are used in combination with a PIN (personal identification number) A biometric device authenticates a person’s identity by translating a personal characteristic into a digital code that is compared with a digital code in a computer

13. Unauthorized Access and Use Fingerprint reader Face recognition system Hand geometry system Voice verification system Signature verification system Iris recognition system

14. Unauthorized Access and Use Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and networks Many areas use digital forensics Law enforcement Criminal prosecutors Military intelligence Insurance agencies Information security departments

15. Software Theft Software theft occurs when someone: Steals software media Intentionally erases programs Illegally registers and/or activates a program Illegally copies a program

16. Software Theft Many manufacturers incorporate an activation process into their programs to ensure the software is not installed on more computers than legally licensed During the product activation, which is conducted either online or by phone, users provide the software product’s identification number to associate the software with the computer or mobile device on which the software is installed

17. Software Theft A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

18. Information Theft Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information Encryption is a process of converting data that is readable by humans into encoded characters to prevent unauthorized access

19. Information Theft

20. A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, website, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender – Often used to ensure that no fraudster is participating in an Internet transaction A digital certificate is a notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate A website that uses encryption techniques to secure its data is known as a secure site

21. Information Theft

22. Hardware Theft, Vandalism, and Failure Hardware theft is the act of stealing digital equipment Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying digital equipment

23. Hardware Theft, Vandalism, and Failure To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures

24. Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or media that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed – To back up a file means to make a copy of it Off-site backups are stored in a location separate from the computer or mobile device site Cloud Storage

25. Cloud Computing Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons AccessibilityCost savings Space savings Scalability

26. Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard Categories of backups: – Full – Differential – Incremental – Selective – Continuous data protection Three-generation backup policy GrandparentParentChild

27. Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

28. Wireless Security Wireless access poses additional security risks Some intruders intercept and monitor communications as they transmit through the air Others connect to a network through an unsecured wireless access point (WAP) or combination router/WAP

29. Ethics and Society Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices, and information systems Information accuracy is a concern – Not all information on the web is correct

30. Ethics and Society Intellectual property refers to unique and original works such as ideas, inventions, art, writings, processes, company and product names, and logos Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled to their work A copyright protects any tangible form of expression Digital rights management (DRM) is a strategy designed to prevent illegal distribution of movies, music, and other digital content

31. Ethics and Society A code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specification is ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed

32. Ethics and Society Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies

33. Information Privacy Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them Huge databases store data online It is important to safeguard your information

34. Information Privacy Information about you can be stored in a database when you: – Fill out a printed or online form – Create a social networking profile – Register a product warranty

35. Information Privacy A cookie is a small text file that a web server stores on your computer Websites use cookies for a variety of reasons: Allow for personalization Store user names and/or passwords Assist with online shopping Track how often users visit a site Target advertisements

36. Information Privacy

37. Phishing is a scam in which a perpetrator sends an official looking email message that attempts to obtain your personal and/or financial information With clickjacking, an object that can be clicked on a website contains a malicious program

38. Information Privacy Social engineering is defined as gaining unauthorized access to or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of the trusting human nature of some victims and the naivety of others

39. Information Privacy Employee monitoring involves the use of computers, mobile devices, or cameras to observe, record, and review an employee’s use of a technology, including communications such as email messages, keyboard activity (used to measure productivity), and websites visited Many programs exist that easily allow employers to monitor employees. In most countries it is legal for employers to use these programs.

40. Ethics and Society Content filtering is the process of restricting access to certain material on the Web – Many businesses use content filtering Web filtering software restricts access to specified websites

41. Time for a break, isn’t it?

42. Chapter 6 Inside Computers and Mobile Devices Discovering Computers Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile Devices, and the Internet

43. Inside the Case The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage

44. Inside the Case

45. The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer – A computer chip contains integrated circuits

46. Processors The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer – Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores

47. Processors

48. The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations The 3Cs a computer can do for you: Copy, compare, and calculate. That’s all.

49. Processors For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

50. Processors The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)

51. Processors A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail Require additional cooling – Heat sinks – Liquid cooling technology – Cooling pads

52. Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) Bits and bytes

53. Data Representation The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device

54. 0 NUL 1 SOH 2 STX 3 ETX 4 EOT 5 ENQ 6 ACK 8 BS 9 HT 10 NL 11 VT 12 NP 13 CR 14 SO 16 DLE 17 DC1 18 DC2 19 DC3 20 DC4 21 NAK 22 SYN 24 CAN 25 EM 26 SUB 27 ESC 28 FS 29 GS 30 RS 32 SP 33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 % 38 & 40 ( 41 ) 42 * 43 + 44, 45 - 46. 48 0 49 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 \ 93 ] 94 ^ 96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { 124 125 } 126 ~ 127 DEL ASCII code, lower half

55. How to get decimal values? 76543210 Place 2 x Value

56. How to get decimal values? 76543210 2727 2626 2525 2424 23232 2121 2020 Place 2 x Value

57. How to get decimal values? 87654321 2727 2626 2525 2424 23232 2121 2020 1286432168421 01000001 Place 2 x Value Test byte: 65 = A

58. It all depends upon the code table used

60. It all depends upon the code table ASCII – one byte per symbol UNICODE – two bytes per symbol (UTF 8 = Thai) GIF – 256 different colors JPG – with compression True colour – 3 byte per colour = 256x256x256

61. Data Representation

62. Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: The operating system and other programs Applications Data being processed and the resulting information

63. Memory Each location in memory has an address Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)

64. Memory The system unit contains two types of memory: Volatile memory Loses its contents when power is turned off Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM and flash memory

65. Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots

66. Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data

67. Memory Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions Firmware

68. Memory Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten – technology provides high speeds and consumes little power

69. Adapters An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals – Sound card and graphics card An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card

70. Adapters With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them

71. Adapters Adapters for mobile computers are in the form of a removable flash memory device – USB adapter – ExpressCard module

72. Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other – Data bus – Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time

73. Buses A computer might have these three types of buses: System bus Backside bus Expansion bus Connects major components of the computer system Connects the CPU to L2 cache Input/output pathway from the CPU to peripheral devices, usually over slots on the motherboard

74. Power Supply and Battery The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power DC = direct current, unidirectional power AC = alternating current, periodic alternations of the direction of current flow

75. Power Supply and Battery Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

76. That’s it for today. Thank you for your attention and have a nice weekend!