2. Akshay kumar.A XI E roll no 28 Kv pattom

3. POLTICAL PARTIES AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA

4. The Indian political parties are categorized into two main types. National level parties and state level parties. National parties are political parties which, participate in different elections all over India. For example, Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Samajwadi Party, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and some other parties. State parties or regional parties are political parties which, participate in different elections but only within one state. For example Shiv Sena participates only in Maharashtra, Telegu Desam in Andra Pradesh, Akali Dal in Punjab, Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (DMK) in Tamil Nadu and there are other such state parties. There are some small communist parties who participate only within one state. Some states have more than one state party. For example in Tamil Nadu another important state party is All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK). Because of these long party names many party names are abbreviated to their initials.National partiesregional parties

5. Some the political parties have their origin from before India's independence, for example, Indian National Congress, Forward Bloc, Akali Dal, National Conference and some other parties. Some of these parties were either social or political organization before India's independence and they became political parties after India's independence. But many of the present parties were established after India's independence. Members, who split from larger parties, established some of these parties. For example in the 1960s, Lok Dal was established by people who split from the Indian National Congress. Communist Party of India (Marxist) was established after the split in Communist Party of India and there are other such examples.

6. In Indian politics, there are political parties in which one person pulls all the strings. This feature existed even before India's independence, whenMahatma Gandhi was the father figure of the Indian National Congress until his death in 1948 even though he resigned from the Congress in 1933. Indira Gandhi for some period was in complete control of her party. Her party was also named, Congress (Indira). Shiv Sena is dominated by Bal Thakarey. Even when the Shiv Sena won the state elections in Maharashtra, Bal Thakarey handled the establishment of the state government but did not appoint himself as the Chief Minister but appointed someone else for this postMahatma Gandhi

7. Some of these parties, like the Shiv Sena in which one person pulls all the strings, have their stronghold in the public not because of their leader but because of party ideology. While other parties are completely dependable on the respect the leader of the party has in the public. One such party is Samata Party and its leader is George Fernandes. Another such party was Lok Shakti and its leader was Ramakrishna Hegde. Many of the large national parties have a pre-election agreement with smaller parties on joint candidates in some constituencies. This candidate belongs to one of the parties and the other party supports this candidate. This is done to prevent a possibility of parties, with common national agenda or common state agenda, nominate their own different candidates causing the splitting of the votes of their wing and so losing the constituency to the rival wing. In Indian politics there are also many independent candidates. These candidates participate in election constituencies independently without the support of any party. In very few cases the larger parties also support independent candidates.

8. Another feature unique to Indian politics is the high number of film actors who join the Indian politics. The Indian cinema produces films in different languages. The largest and the most popular film industry is the Hindi language film industry. Many national parties recruit Hindi movie actors in their parties. While many state parties with state chauvinism attract local film industry actors in their parties. These actors do not only appear along side with the party politicians to attract the mob towards the politicians gatherings, but they even participate as candidates in elections. Some of the state parties in south India were established by former movie actors. Govinda Shatrughnan sinha

9. To put it simply, a coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. Coalition governments are usually formed as no party can individually achieve a majority in the parliament. However, a coalition government may also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis. If a coalition collapses, a confidence vote is held or a motion of no confidence is taken. coalition government Coalition governments parliament India has had coalition governments at the Centre as well as in individual states since the last two decades. Since India is a diverse country with different ethnic, linguistic and religious communities, it also has diverse ideologies. Due to this, the benefit that a coalition has is that it leads to more consensus based politics and reflects the popular opinion of the electorate. The current UPA - Left arrangement had been formed after parliamentary elections in 2004. Though they have main adversaries in three states, this government was still a stable one till Left withdrew support on matters of nuclear deal. India politics

10. In order to have stable coalitions, it is necessary that political parties moderate their ideologies and programmes. They should be more open to take others ’ point of view as well. They must accommodate each other ’ s interests and concerns. But this is not what is happening in India. In India, parties do not always agree on the correct path for governmental policy. Different parties have different interests and beliefs and it is difficult to sustain a consensus on issues when disagreements arise. They often fail to see eye to eye with the government on many public policies. However, this is not to say that we have never had successful coalitions. Governments in Kerela and West Bengal and NDA at the Centre have been sucessful coalitions. Other coalitions should learn from these because it is difficult to operate in an environment full of disagreements. The fact of the matter is that India has had coalition governments in the past and it will continue to have in the future as well. Therefore, it is in best interest for all that parties develop a sense of understanding and do not play games of power politics and bad politics. It is high time that the MPs realize how bad India fares on other economic variables in the world, and it is time they put their energy in improving those than just catering to their selfish interests. If political parties feel that coalitions are too much of a compromise and always lead to unstable governments, then India can think of alternative forms of governmentthe ; presidential system can be one but it has its own cons. It is very important for the political parties to moderate their ideas as there are no ready made formulas or easy solutions to make coalitions work in a smooth manner. system

11. India entered into the age of Coalition Politics in the 1990 s. Post 1970 s emergency period saw the emergence of Janata Party and the weakening of the Indian National Congress, which once was the undefeatable Political Party in India. Also the breaking up of the National Parties saw a resurgence of Regional Parties which started dominating the state - level politics. Although Coalition Governments were in existence once or twice during the era of Late Shrimati Indira Gandhi, during 1996-1999 there were 4 Coalition Governments. When Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee couldn ’ t sustain the Government in 1996 due to lack of Majority ( i. e. 272+ seats ) in the Indian Parliament after being just 13 days old, the Third Front ( a group of regional parties and Non - Congress and Non - BJP combine also referred to as the United Front ) formed the Government headed by Mr. H. D. Deve Gowda. who was in office from 1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997. The Congress Party and other smaller parties including the left provided outside support to him in order to provide a stable Government and prevent snap - polls. But due to rising discontent between the UF and Congress the latter withdrew support and in order to avoid elections, a compromise was reached. The Congress party agreed to support another United Front government under new leader, provided its concerns — such as not being consulted before taking important decisions and being marginalized — were addressed. The United Front elected Shri Inder Kumar Gujral as new leader and he was sworn in as Prime Minister on 21 April 1997. But unfortunately due to some internal problems in the Government, Congress again withdrew support and mid - term elections were called after Third Front governments failed twice. Indian Parliament

12. This time, a cohesive bloc of political parties lined up with it to form the National Democratic Alliance headed by the BJP, and Shri A. B. Vajpayee was sworn in as the Prime Minister. The NDA proved its majority in parliament. Towards the end of 1998 however, the AIADMKwithdrew its support from the 13- month old government. The government lost the ensuing vote of confidence motion by a single vote. As the Opposition was unable to come up with the numbers to form the new government, the country returned to elections with Vajpaye After 4 failed Coalition Governments and 2 mid - term elections, on October 13, 1999, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji took oath as Prime Minister of India for the third time. The BJP - led NDA had won 303 seats in the 543 seat Lok Sabha, thereby securing a comfortable, stable majority. The Coalition Government that was formed lasted its full term of 5 years – the only non - Congress government to do so. The National Democratic Alliance was widely expected to retain power after the 2004 general election. The parliament had been dissolved before the completion of term in order to capitalize on the economic boom and improved security and cultural atmosphere. However, the coalition sidestepped controversial and ideological questions in favour of bread - and - butter economic issues during the campaign and subsequently lost almost half its seats, with several prominent cabinet ministers being defeated. The Indian National Congress, led by Mrs. Sonia Gandhi became the single largest party and, along with many minor parties, formed the United Progressive Alliance. With the conditional support of the leftist parties from the outside, the UPA formed a government under Dr Manmohan Singh. The alliance completed a full term and remained in power after the 15 th General Elections in May 2009. Although the left now longer supports the UPA but with new allies it has been able to extend its lead in the Lok Sabha. India now looks forward to a stable future of Coalition Governments as single - party majority seem to be a thing of the past now. National Democratic Alliance AIADMK United Progressive Alliance

13. Both Experts and Political Parties agree that the era of Coalition Politics has just begun and its here to stay. “At the time when regional political parties are assuming significance and the days of single party rule are over, there is no escape from coalition politics."— says Mr. Sharad Pawar, Union Agriculture Minister and President of the Nationalist Congress Party. Experts say that Coalition Politics is result of rise of Regional Parties on agendas of National Importance. One of the reasons for the growing importance of Regional Parties has been their success in articulating the interests of the assertive backward castes and Dalits or ‘untouchables’. These parties remain ‘regional’ in terms of geographic location, but are national in terms of issues relevant to the country as a whole. Their role within the national coalition is also indicative of a more competitive and polarised party system.

14. The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) is a coalition of center-left political parties in India, formed after the 2004 general election. The single largest party (in terms of number of seats in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the India's parliament) in the UPA is the Indian National Congress, whose president Sonia Gandhi is also the chairperson of the UPA. Subsequently the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, and the Council of Ministers are drawn from members of the UPA.coalitioncenter-leftpolitical parties2004 general electionLok SabhaIndia's parliamentIndian National CongressSonia GandhiPrime Minister of IndiaManmohan SinghCouncil of Ministers

15. The UPA formed soon after the 2004 general elections when it had become clear that no party had won an absolute majority. The hitherto ruling Bharatiya Janata Party- led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) had won 169 seats [2] in the 543-member 14th Lok Sabha, as opposed the UPA's tally of 222 seats. The Left Front with 59 MPs (excluding the speaker of the Lok Sabha), the Samajwadi Party with 39 MPs and the Bahujan Samaj Party with 19 MPs were other significant blocks that opted to support UPA at various phases of its rule. [3][4] The UPA did not enjoy a simple majority on its own in the parliament, rather it has relied on the external support to ensure that it enjoys the confidence of the Indian parliament similar to the formula adopted by the previous minority governments of the United Front, the NDA, the Congress government of P. V. Narasimha Rao, and earlier governments of V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar. An informal alliance had existed prior to the elections as several of the current constituent parties had developed seat-sharing agreements in many states. However, it was only after the election that the results of negotiations between parties were announced. The UPA government's policies were initially guided by a common minimum programme that the alliance hammered out with fruitful consultations with Jyoti Basu and Harkishan Singh Surjeet of the 59 member Left Front. [5] Hence, government policies were generally perceived as center-left, reflecting the centristpolicies of the INC. The congress party is today more closely aligned with the neoliberalism, strongly advocates social democracy and social liberalism. During the tenure of Jharkhand Chief Minister Madhu Koda, the constituents of the UPA were, by mutual consent, supporting his government. [6] UPA survived a vote of confidence in the parliament on 22 July 2008 after left parties withdrew their support. Support from the Samajwadi Party was significant in this. [citation needed] In the Indian General Election in 2009, the UPA won 262 seats, of which the INC accounted for 206. Inclusive and populist policies along with a younger leadership has been credited for this2004 general electionsBharatiya Janata PartyNational Democratic Alliance [2]14th Lok SabhaLeft Frontspeaker of the Lok SabhaSamajwadi PartyBahujan Samaj Party [3][4]United FrontP. V. Narasimha RaoV. P. SinghChandra Shekharcommon minimum programmeJyoti BasuHarkishan Singh Surjeet [5]center-leftcentristneoliberalismsocial democracysocial liberalismJharkhandMadhu Koda [6]citation needed

17. Initially, UPA was given external support from the Left Front which totaled 59 MPs. Similar external support was also promised by several smaller parties that were not a member of any coalition, including the Samajwadi Party with 39 MPs, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party with 4 MPs, the Janata Dal (Secular) with 3 MPs, and Bahujan Samaj Party with 19 MPs, who promised to support the government if it faced a vote of confidence. Nevertheless, these parties were not a part of the government. The UPA thus had at least 335 MPs out of 543 supporting it at the time of its formation. The Left parties, despite ideological differences with the Congress, supported the UPA to ensure a secular government. Outside support is currently being offered by the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Party (33 MPs), the Bharatiya Navshakti Party (1 MP), the National Conference (2 MPs)and by the National Loktantrik Party (1 MP). In addition, rebel MPs from Biju Janata Dal, the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Janata Dal (United), and the independent MPs take the tally of UPA supporting MPs to 275.All India Anna Dravida Munnetra KazhagamJanata Dal (Secular)Bahujan Samaj Partyvote of confidencehad at least 335 MPssecular governmentAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra KazhagamBharatiya Navshakti PartyNational ConferenceNational Loktantrik PartyBiju Janata DalBharatiya Janata PartyJanata Dal (United)

18. A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating candidates with aligned political views and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often espouse an expressed ideology or vision bolstered by a written platform with specific goals, forming a coaLITION AMONG DESPARATE INTERESTS. STRUCTUR E A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. On a regular, periodic basis, party conferences are held to elect party officers, although snap leadership elections can be called if enough members opt for such. Party conferences are also held in order to affirm party values for members in the coming year. Depending on the demographic spread of the party membership, party members form local or regional party committees in order to help candidates run for local or regional offices in government. These local party branches reflect the officer positions at the national level. It is also customary for political party members to form wings for current or prospective party members, most of which fall into the following two categories: identity-based: including youth wings, women's wings, ethnic minority wings, LGBT wings, etc. position-based: including wings for candidates, mayors, governors, professionals, students, etc. These are useful for party outreach, training and employment.political organizationelectoral campaignsideologyplatformparty leaderparty secretaryparty treasurerparty chairparty conferencesyouth wingswomen's wingsstudents

19. When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not to be represented in a Westminster-style parliament, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition [Shadow cabinet]]. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers. Parliamentary party members and leaders who are part of neither the Government or Official Opposition frontbenches are known as backbenchers, and are relegated to sitting behind or perpendicular to designated frontbenchers.parliamentary groupWestminster-basedfrontbenchOfficial OppositionCabinetbackbenchers

21. The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) was formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. The foundation of the party was declared by Kanu Sanyal at a mass-meeting in Calcutta on the 22nd of April (Lenin's birthday].CPI(ML) advocated armed revolution and denounced participation in the electoral process. The party leaders were Charu Majumdar and Soroj Dutta, both of whom had belonged to the left- wing within Communist Party of India (Marxist) in northern West Bengal. Majumdar and his followers had mobilized a revolutionary peasants movement in Naxalbari, which evolved into an armed uprising of the mostly Santhal tribal inhabitants. CPI(ML) saw Naxalbari as the spark that would start a new Indian revolution, and the movement came to be known as 'naxalites'. In several parts of India, for example Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, different parts of West Bengal and in Srikakulam in northern Andhra Pradesh CPI(ML) organized guerilla units. The party got moral support from China, which actively encouraged the attempts of CPI(ML) to launch revolution. The first party congress was held in Calcutta 1970. A Central Committee was elected. As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement did however degenerate into extreme sectarianism. Instead of popular armed struggle in the countryside, individual terrorism in Calcutta became a principal method of struggle.All India Coordination Committee of Communist RevolutionariesCalcuttaKanu SanyalLeninCharu Majumdarleft- wingCommunist Party of India (Marxist)West BengalNaxalbariSanthalnaxalitesUttar PradeshBiharWest BengalSrikakulamAndhra PradeshChinaCalcuttaCentral CommitteeCalcutta

22. In 1971 Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and sectarianism of Majumdar. The result became that the party was split into two, one CPI(ML) led by Satyanarayan Singh and one CPI(ML) led by Charu Majumdar. In 1972 Majumdar was killed by the police in custody, and after his death a series of splits took place during the major part of the 1970s. The naxalite movement suffered a period of extremely harsh repression that rivaled the Dirty Wars of South America at the same time that the movement got all more fragmented. Another heavy blow to the movement was the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 when China more or less asked the Indian naxalites to support the side of Pakistan (which was a political suicide in India at the time). On this issue Majumdar's line had some differentiation from that of the CPC. He gave emphasis to supporting the armed struggle of the East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist), which fought against both Pakistan and the Bangladeshi national liberation movement. Majumdar's line and the Chinese line caused conflict in CPI(ML) and produced splits, such as that of Ashim Chatterjee. The pro-Charu Majumdar CPI(ML) later split into pro- and anti-Lin Biao factions. The pro-Lin Biao group NBBRC became known as Central Organising Committee / Communist Party of India (Marxist– Leninist) (Shanti Pal) and the anti-Lin Biao-group later became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation.CPI(ML) led by Satyanarayan SinghDirty WarsBangladesh Liberation WarChinaPakistanCPCEast Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)PakistanBangladeshiAshim ChatterjeeLin BiaoCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation

23. M. N. Roy Abani Mukherji A. K. Gopalan P. Krishna Pillai P. C. Joshi P. Sundarayya Ajoy Ghosh K. Damodaran E. M. S. Namboodiripad Jagannath Sarkar Azhikodan Raghavan V. S. Achuthanandan E. K. Nayanar Guru Radha Kishan B. T. Ranadive Charu Majumdar Jyoti Basu Moturu Hanumantha Rao Shibdas Ghosh E. K. Imbichi Bava T. Nagi Reddy

24. The Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)) is a centre-left Indian political partyled by former Prime Minister of India H.D. Deve Gowda. The party recognized as state party in the states of Karnatakaand Kerala. It was formed in July 1999 by the split of Janata Dal party.It has political presence mainly in Karnataka. In Kerala, the party is part of the Left Democratic Front. History The Janata Dal (Secular) traces its roots back to the Janata Party organized by Jayprakash Narayan that united all anti-Indira Gandhi parties under one banner for the 1977 national elections.The Janata Party split twice, first in 1979 and then in 1980 leading to the birth of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) which comprised members of the erstwhile Jan Sangh which was close to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Janata Dal was formed in Bangalore by the merger of the Janata Party with smaller opposition parties in 1988. In May 1996, H.D. Deve Gowda, now leader of Janata Dal (Secular), became Prime Minister of India as part of a coailition (called United Front) government.centre-leftIndianPrime Minister of IndiaH.D. Deve GowdaKarnatakaKeralaJanata DalLeft Democratic FrontJanata PartyJayprakash NarayanIndira GandhiBharatiya Janata PartyJan SanghRashtriya Swayamsevak SanghBangaloreH.D. Deve GowdaUnited Front

25. Janata Dal split in 1999 when some leaders left to ally with the BJP- led National Democratic Alliance and form the Janata Dal (United) party. [12] That party was led by George Fernandes whileH.D. Deve Gowda emerged as the leader of the Janata Dal (Secular). Even though the premise for the split was its opposition to allying with the National Democratic Alliance, Deve Gowdastayed equally away from the Indian National Congress from the outset.The 2004 elections in Karnataka witnessed the revival of the party’s fortunes with Janata Dal (Secular) becoming part of the ruling coalition in the state. Subsequently, party leader H. D. Kumaraswamy headed a popular coalition government in the state for 20 months with supports from BJP. JD(S) is the third-largest in the Karnataka state legislature and for a time governed in a coalition with the Indian National Congress party, the first coalition government in Karnataka. There was much controversy over the JD(S) allying with the Indian National Congress (INC) in Bangalore as the INC formerly had an outright majority and was diminished to second place with the BJP having a plurality. However, the JD(S) considered INC to be the lesser of the two evils on account of its erstwhile secular and centre left credentials.National Democratic AllianceJanata Dal (United) [12]George FernandesH.D. Deve GowdaNational Democratic AllianceDeve GowdaIndian National CongressH. D. KumaraswamyIndian National CongressIndian National CongressBangalore

26. Founder-h.d.deve gowda

27. Prominent members H.D. Deve Gowda, former Prime Minister of India and Former Chief Minister of Karnataka. H. D. Kumaraswamy, former Chief Minister of Karnataka. Mathew T. Thomas, Kerala Unit President. Basangouda Patil, former Union Minister of State,India. Kunwar Danish Ali, National General Secretary of Janata Dal (Secular). H.D. Deve Gowda H. D. Kumaraswamy Mathew T. Thomas Basangouda Patil H.d.kumaraswamyMathew t thomas

28. Janata Dal (United) (JDU) is a political party in India with political presence mainly in Bihar and Jharkhand. Janta Dal (United) party mentor and patron is "Veteran Socialist leader" George Fernandes; George Fernandes broke away from the erstwhile Janata Dal and formed the Samata Party in 1994. Presently it is led by Sharad Yadav and Nitish Kumar. The current party was formed by the merger of the erstwhile Janata Dal (United) with the Samata Party on October 30, 2003. The uniting force is believed to be common opposition to Rashtriya Janata Dal in Bihar especially after the RJD welcomed Samata Party rebels like Raghunath Jha into the party. Janata Dal (United) is a constituent of the National Democratic Alliance. The Janata Dal (United) and the Rashtriya Janata Dal – bitter political opponents today—originate from the same Janata Dal and Jayaprakash Narayan's call for a program of social transformation which he termed Sampoorna kraanthi or Total Revolution after Indira Gandhi was found guilty of violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High Court in 1974. Currently, the JD(U) heads the government in Bihar. The JD(U) along with its alliance partner, the BJP defeated the RJD-led UPA government in Bihar in November 2005. The government is headed by JD(U) leader, Nitish Kumar. In the recent Karnataka elections, it contested 71 seats but failed to win any seat.political partyIndiaBiharJharkhandGeorge FernandesSamata PartySharad YadavNitish KumarRashtriya Janata DalRaghunath JhaNational Democratic AllianceRashtriya Janata DalJanata DalJayaprakash NarayanIndira GandhiNitish Kumar

29. The Janata Dal (United) was formed before the 1999 General Elections when a faction led by then Karnataka Chief Minister J H Patel lent support to the National Democratic Alliance. This led to the split in the Janata Dal leading to the formation of Janata Dal (Secular) under H. D. Deve Gowda, who wanted to remain equi-distant from both national parties; and Janata Dal under Sharad Yadav. The Janata Dal (United) was formed with the merger of the Sharad Yadav faction of the Janata Dal, the Lokshakti Party and the Samata Party.On October 30, 2003, the Samata Party led by George Fernandes and Nitish Kumar merged with the Janata Dal (United). The merged entity was called Janata Dal (United) with the arrow symbol of Janata Dal (United) and the green and white flag of the Samata Party.H. D. Deve Gowda

30. Founder-george fernandace

31. chairperson-sharad yadav nitish kumar,chief minister of bihar

32. The Kerala Congress is a recognized State political party in Kerala, India. The party was founded by K. M. George in October 1964 after a group of legislators decided to break from the Indian National Congress. The party has its roots in the Indian National Congress and is traditionally dominated by the farmers in the state, mostly the Syrian Christian minority and with an important presence of Nairs; however leaders from all communities are represented. The main source of support is the farming community in Kottayam, Ettumanoor, Athirampuzha,Puthupally, Pambadi, Changanach erry, Kanjirappally, Poonjar, Erattupetta, Palai, Bharananganam, Kozhuvana l, Uzhavoor, Kuravilangad, Kaduthuruthy, Talayolaparambu, Vaikom,Kottar akkara, Punalur, Pathanapuram, Adoor, Pandalam, Konni, Pathanamthitta, K ozhencherry, Aranmula, Ranni, Mallapally, Thiruvalla, Chengannur, Kuttan ad, Peermade, Vandiperiyar,Kumily, Vagamon, Kattappana, Udumbanchola, Rajakkad, Idukki, Thodupuzha, Kothamangalam, Kalloorkkad, Muvattupuz ha, Koothattukulam, Elanji, Piravom, and some other regions inMalabar (such as the settler community in Wayanad and Tellicherry). Lok sabha constituencies which have lent support to the party through the years include Muvattupuzha, Kottayam, Mavelikkara, and Idukki.political partyKeralaIndiaK. M. Georgebreak from the Indian National CongressIndian National CongressSyrian ChristianNairsKottayamEttumanoorAthirampuzhaPuthupallyPambadiChanganach erryKanjirappallyPoonjarErattupettaPalaiBharananganamKozhuvana lUzhavoorKuravilangadKaduthuruthyTalayolaparambuVaikomKottar akkaraPunalurPathanapuramAdoorPandalamKonniPathanamthittaK ozhencherryAranmulaRanniMallapallyThiruvallaChengannurKuttan adPeermadeVandiperiyarKumilyVagamonKattappanaUdumbancholaRajakkadIdukkiThodupuzhaKothamangalamKalloorkkadMuvattupuz haKoothattukulamElanjiPiravomMalabarWayanadTellicherryMuvattupuzhaKottayamMavelikkaraIdukki

33. Founder-k m george Chairman-k m mani

34. Working chairman-p j joseph deputy chairman-c f thomas

35. Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) (Malayalam: ഇന്ത്യ യൂണിയ മുസ്ലിം ലീഗ് ) (Commonly referred as the League) is a state political party in the state of Kerala, India. The chief support base of the party falls inside northern and central Kerala. Note that since the name 'Indian Union Muslim League' is registered at the Electoral Commission by a splinter-group of the party, the party contests elections as the Muslim League Kerala State Committee. The League is a powerful pro-Muslim community oriented party, which was started as Muslim League prior to Independence, yet decided to remain their allegiance to Indian Union after Independence, when the original Muslim League went to Pakistan. The IUML-Kerala unit is the only Muslim League unit, which declared its allegiance and loyalty to India, hence became a state party, in post- independent India. The party has strongholds mostly in districts like Kozhikode, Malappuram and Kasargod. They form the second largest party within UDF. A particular faction of Muslims in Kerala is sometimes regarded as the supporters of Indian Union Muslim League.The supreme leader of the faction, Panakkad Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal, is the president of Kerala state unit of Indian Union Muslim League. This unofficial support is cause of the repeating election victories of Indian Union Muslim League candidates from Muslim dense districts.Malayalampolitical partyKeralaIndiaKeralaKozhikodeMalappuramKasargodSayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal

36. The party is the remnant organization of the All-India Muslim League the created an Islamic state named Pakistan from British India in 1947. The party participated in the ouster of the firstCommunist Party of India (CPI) government in Kerala in 1959. In 1960 the party took part in the formation of a coalition government in the state, consisting of the Indian National Congress,Praja Socialist Party and IUML. The government proved short lived. In the elections in Kerala in 1967 the party had entered a united front led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M)). The other members of the front were CPI, Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Karshaka Thozhilali Party (Peasants and Workers Party), Kerala Socialist Party (KSP) and Samyukta Socialist Party. Muslim League had two ministers in the state government of that front. In 1969 the party left the CPI(M)-led government and participated in the formation of a new government, led by Communist Party of India leader Achutha Menon as Chief Minister, together with CPI, RSP, KSP and Kerala Congress. After the 1970 elections Achyutha Menon became elected Chief Minister for the second time. Members of the governing coalition were Indian National Congress, IUML, RSP and PSP. The Menon government lasted until the downfall of the Indira Gandhi regime in 1977 (no state elections were held in this period). In the chaos that followed the IUML leader C.H. Mohammed Koya held the post of Chief Minister in 1979.All-India Muslim LeaguePakistanBritish IndiaCommunist Party of IndiaKeralaIndian National CongressPraja Socialist PartyCommunist Party of India (Marxist)Revolutionary Socialist PartyKarshaka Thozhilali PartyKerala Socialist PartySamyukta Socialist PartyCommunist Party of IndiaAchutha MenonKerala CongressIndian National CongressIndira GandhiC.H. Mohammed Koya

37. P k kunjalikutty,minister in industries,it

38. The Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD- "National People's Party") is a political party in India, based in the state of Bihar. The party was founded in 1997 by Laloo Prasad Yadav. The party came about as a result of Lalu Prasad Yadav, ex-president of Janata Dal, being evicted by Sharad Yadav, the then president, on corruption charges ($250 million) over the farm support funds. The mass base of the party has traditionally been Yadavs and Muslims, two large and relatively politically active segments of Bihar's population. In 2008, RJD received the status of recognized national level party following its performance in north-eastern states.RJD was derocognised as a national party on 30 July 2010.political partyIndiaBiharLaloo Prasad YadavJanata DalSharad YadavYadavsMuslims

39. Founder-Laloo prasad yadav

40. Raghuvansh prasad singh,member of lok sabha R am kripal yadav,member of rajya sabha