1. Atoms and Molecules The Periodic Table of Elements

2. Matter All things are made up of ____________. The tiniest piece of matter is an _______. Atoms are mostly made up of ________ _________. Matter is anything that has _______ & __________________ matter atom empty space Empty space mass takes up space

3. Atoms Atoms have three main parts: –1. ___________(positive) –2. ___________(neutral) –3. ___________(negative) The electrons are so tiny that they weigh just about nothing! protons neutrons electrons protons neutrons electrons

4. Electron Formation Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom while electrons are in outer orbits. Orbits are also referred to as _______ levels, shells & valences. Electrons are happiest when the orbits are filled to capacity. This means –1 st orbit has ______ electrons –2 nd orbit has ______ electrons –3 rd orbit has ______ electrons energy 2 8 18 8

5. Electron Movement In order to make the atoms “happy,” electrons are flexible to move around from one atom’s orbit to another atom’s orbit. Sometime the electrons are ______ or ________. Sometimes the electrons are _________. When one or more atoms combines you get a ____________. lost gained shared molecule

6. Periodic Table The periodic table shows all of the atoms (also called _________) known to us today. elements

7. Periodic Table The periodic table is organized into rows that go horizontally and columns that go vertically. The vertical columns are called _________ The horizontal rows are called ____________ Each box contains information about a single atom (element). periods groups periods groups

8. Atomic Symbol In each box on the Periodic Table a lot of information is displayed. First you will notice the ________ ________. This tells you the abbreviation for the element. atomic symbol

9. Atomic Number Next you will see a number (usually at the top). This is the __________ __________ and it tells you how many ___________ the element has. An atom usually starts with the same number of ____________ as protons. So you also tell that from the atomic number. atomic number protons electrons

10. Atomic Mass The mass of the atom is called the ________ _________and it is the number with the decimal in it. This tells how heavy the atom is. The atomic mass is made up of the combined mass of the ______________ and ______________. Each proton and neutron have a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit. So if you know the atomic mass and you know the atomic number, you can determine the number of neutrons the atom has with a little subtraction problem. atomic mass protonsneutrons

11. Periodic Table The periodic table is also divided into many _________. Each family of atoms (elements) has characteristics that are common to those elements. Each family belongs to a bigger family of either ___________ or _____________. metalsnon-metals Families

12. Alkali Metals Alkali Metals are the elements in Group IA of the periodic table. The members of the family are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. All six elements have the properties of metals except they are softer and less dense. They can be cut with a knife. They are the most reactive metals. They are so reactive that they are never found in nature. They are always combined with other elements. The alkali metals have only one electron in their outermost shell, so alkali metals form positive ions.

13. Alkaline Earth Metals Alkaline Earth Metals are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. These elements, which are harder and more dense than the alkali metals, also have higher melting points and boiling points. They are highly reactive, but not as active as the alkali metals. Like the alkali metals, the alkaline metals are never found free in nature. The alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their outermost energy level, so they also form positive ions.

14. Transition Metals Transition Metals have properties similiar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family. Most transition metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Most have high melting points and are hard. Transition metals are much less active than the alkali and alkaline earth metals. Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides. Transition metals form compounds that are brightly colored

15. BCNO Groups Metals  Metalloids  Non-metals From Metals to Non-Metals in groups IIIA to VIA of the periodic table elements have properties which change from metallic to nonmetallic. These groups include the boron family, carbon family, nitrogen family, and oxygen family.

16. . Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in the earth's crust. Aluminum is found as aluminum oxide in the ore called bauxite. Aluminum is extremely valuable in industry. It is light, strong, and does not tarnish in air. It is a good conductor and is used in wiring, airplane parts, household items. Boron Family The Boron Family. Metalloids: boron Metals: aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium Boron, which is hard and brittle, is never found in nature in the free state. It is usually found combined with oxygen. The compound boric oxide is important in making heat-resistant glass. Boric acid is commonly used as eyewash and antiseptic. The compound borax is useful as a cleaning agent and water softener.

17. Carbon Family The Carbon family includes the elements carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon can combine with other elements in a great variety of ways. Millions of carbon compounds are called "organic compounds." Carbon is called the basis for life because all living things contain carbon (organic compounds). Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Silicon is used in glass and in cement. It is also used in solar cells. Solar cells convert the energy of sunlight into electric energy. Germanium is a metalloid used in transistors. Transistors are devices found in many electronic instruments, such as radios and televisions. Tin is a metal which resists rusting and corrosion. The most dense element in the carbon family is the metal lead. Lead forms poisonous compounds.

18. Nitrogen Family The Nitrogen family. Nonmetals: nitrogen, phosphorus Metalloid: arsenic, antimony Metal: bismuth All members of the nitrogen family have five electrons in their outermost energy level. These elements lose electrons easily.

19. Oxygen Family The Oxygen family includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. All of these have six electrons in their outermost energy level. Their properties go from nonmetallic in oxygen and sulfur to metalloid in selenium and tellurium to metallic in polonium.

20. Halogens Halogens are the elements in family VIIA. They are strongly nonmetallic. The halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. They are the most active nonmetals. The chemical reactivity of the halogens is due to the number of electrons in the outermost energy levels of their atoms. Fluorine is the most active halogen. They have low melting points and boiling points. In the gas phase they exist as diatomic elements. Halogens combine readily with metals to form a class of compounds known as salts

21. Noble Gases Noble Gasses are colorless gasses that are extremely unreactive. Because do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gasses are called inert. The family of noble gasses includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. All the noble gasses are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere. One important property of the noble gasses is their inactivity. They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.

22. Rare Earth Elements The Rare Earth Elements are mostly synthetic (man made) and very rarely seen. They fit into periods 6 and 7 of the periodic table. There are two series: –Lanthanide –Actinide

23. Hydrogen Hydrogen is a non- metal but it doesn’t belong to any other family specifically.

24. Review What are all things made up of? The smallest unit of matter is called what? What are the three parts of an atom? What are the charges on the atomic parts? What does the atomic symbol tell you? What does the atomic number tell you? What does the atomic mass tell you? How do you determine the number of neutrons? What are the vertical columns in the periodic table called? What are the horizontal columns in the periodic table called? All elements are classified into two bigger groups, what are they? Name and point out the families. What element does not belong to a family?