2. RECYCLING PAPER
Paper is made from cellulose fibre, the source of which can be pulped wood, or a variety of other materials such as rags, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, straw, waste paper, or even elephant dung! In this country, wood pulp is the most common source material for the manufacture of virgin paper (paper which has no recycled content).
Although the raw material for making paper is predominantly trees, it is a common misconception that recycling waste paper saves trees. Trees are grown for commercial use and harvested as a long term crop with new trees planted to replace those cut down. In addition, papermakers are able to use the parts of the trees that cannot be used in other industries such as construction and furniture making. Nearly all paper is made from wood grown in these "sustainable" forests.

3. The most important environmental issues are:
- The nature of forests and where they are situated. As the demand for paper has increased, more timber has been needed to meet the demand for wood pulp. In some cases this has meant the loss of valuable wildlife habitats and ecosystems, as old forests have been replaced by managed plantations.

4. - Unless we use waste paper to produce new paper there will be many disposal problems.
- Producing recycled paper involves less energy consumption than virgin paper and uses less water. This is because most of the energy used in papermaking is the pulping needed to turn wood into paper.

5. - Recycled paper produces fewer polluting emissions to air and water
- Recycled paper produces fewer polluting emissions to air and water. Recycled paper is not usually re-bleached and where it is, oxygen rather than chlorine is usually used. This reduces the amount of dioxins which are released into the environment as a by-product of the chlorine bleaching processes.

6. - Paper is a biodegradable material
- Paper is a biodegradable material. This means that when it goes to landfill, as it rots, it produces methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas (20 times more potent than carbon dioxide). It is becoming increasingly accepted that global warming is a reality, and that methane and carbon dioxide emissions have to be reduced to lessen its effects.

7. HOW'S, WHAT'S AND WHERE'S OF RECYCLING PAPER
What are the main types of paper in everyday use which can be recycled?
Office white paper
Newspapers, magazines, telephone directories and pamphlets
Cardboard
Mixed or coloured paper
Computer print out paper

8. WHAT CAN I DO TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF PAPER BEING WASTED?
- Try not to use as much in the first place!
- Buy recycled paper products wherever possible.
- Reuse envelopes
- Playgroups and schools may appreciate being given old rolls of wallpaper, or any other kind of paper, for painting on or for other uses in the classroom.
- When you buy a pint of milk or a soft drink, think about the container it is in.
- By putting a "no junk mail" sign by your letterbox you can cut junk mail such.
- Contact the BioRegional Development Group for information about paper made from fibres other than wood pulp.

9. WHERE CAN I TAKE PAPER FOR RECYCLING?
For example, there may be paper banks at shopping centres. The Yellow Pages Directory Recycling Scheme offers a freephone recycling helpline which provides advice on where and how to recycle old Yellow Pages directories.

10. WHAT ABOUT LARGE QUANTITIES OF PAPER, SUCH AS THAT COLLECTED BY OFFICES?
There are many waste paper merchants and national paper collection companies which will collect a quantity of paper for recycling. In the first contact whoever is already dealing with your normal waste, as many waste management companies now also provide recycling services.

11. WHAT ABOUT MILK AND JUICE CARTONS MADE FROM PAPER? CAN THEY BE RECYCLED?
Cartons are not made from paper alone but comprise of plastic and aluminium too. As they are an amalgam of materials, they cannot be recycled along with ordinary paper. They can be reprocessed into other items or incinerated to produce energy, or landfilled. There are very few collection points for the reprocessing of such cartons in this country.

12. WHERE CAN I BUY RECYCLED PAPER PRODUCTS?
Most supermarkets and now sell lots of recycled products, such as writing paper, notebooks, file paper, diaries with recycled paper content, calendars, tissues, toilet rolls, kitchen paper and other items. If you cannot see the product you want and you think it could be available made from recycled materials, ask if the shop intends to stock such things in the future, if a lot of people ask about it, it can encourage the shop to add to its recycled range. The retailer needs to have an incentive to stock the products.

13. WHAT ABOUT THE INK ON THE PAPER COLLECTED? HOW IS IT REMOVED?
Sometimes the ink is not removed from the paper when it is reprocessed. The ink is dispersed into the pulp, discolouring it slightly, which is why recycled paper can have a greyish tinge.
Washing - As the paper is pulped, chemicals can be added which separate the ink from the paper and allow it to be washed away in the large amounts of water used. (The water can then be cleaned and re-used.)
Flotation - Air can be passed through the pulp, producing foam which will hold at least half of the ink and can be skimmed off.
Sometimes the pulp is also bleached; hydrogen peroxide and chlorine are commonly used bleaches.

14. PAPER RECYCLING PROCESS: STEP BY STEP COLLECTION
The first step of the paper recycling process is of course taken by each and every one of us when we take the time to separate our paper and place it in the recycling box.
The next step is taken by your city, when they send the recycling truck over to pick up the paper and bring it to the processing facilities of your neighborhood.
Next, comes the sorting . The paper is placed on a moving conveyor to be sorted. But it is a lot more complicated than that. The paper has to be sorted by hand because there are different grades of recycled paper.
Once the paper has been sorted it is then baled to make the transport and storage more convenient.
The paper is then shipped to processing mills usually in the Pacific North West.

15. PROCESSING  
At the processing Mill, the paper is soaked in water. It is then shaken to release the fibres to return them to their pulp state.
It is important at this stage to remove the ink. If we don't do this, we will be left with a dull grey paper.
We then add finishing chemicals and either press the pulp into sheets to dry or mix it with virgin pulp.

16. The paper recycling process involved in changing old paper into new paper requires a significant amount of energy.
We can see here that the de-inking process uses water and chemicals, but these amounts are much less than they would be in the manufacture of virgin paper.
Unfortunately, the same paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Each time the fibers are pulped, they get shorter and shorter and lose their papermaking qualities.

17. A fiber can be recycled about four and six times before it disintegrates.
The quality of paper produced will vary depending on the percentages of recycled and virgin paper used in its production.
Please remember that we can make most anything from recycled pulp which used to be made from virgin wood pulp.
By recycling paper, we help save our forests from being destroyed while at the same time, we help cut down on the environmental damage caused when we turn trees into paper.

18. Some charities also sell recycled products such as greetings cards and stationery through their mail order catalogues. Contact the ones you would be interested in supporting and ask if they have a catalogue.
Many printers and office stationery suppliers now use or sell recycled paper. You could ask your usual supplier to make it available, or look in the Yellow Pages for local suppliers.

19. RECYCLING PAPER
Think about all the trees that are used to give us this paper!!! If we don't start recycling paper, we will cause irreparable environmental damage:
Our forests will be depleted. If too much wood is cut, the lost of shade will leave the soil to bake in the sun making it more subject to erosion.
Because of this erosion, when there is a storm, the roots of the trees that are left have less hold in the ground and do not survive. The forest will then slowly degrade and eventually die.

20. There will be more landslides caused by this soil erosion.
This process of deforestation in various geographical regions is affecting the natural biodiversity . This is slowly destroying our wildlife.

21. Recycling paper can also help us save on water
Recycling paper can also help us save on water. A lot of water is used to produce paper but, if we use recycled paper to make the new paper, we save up much water.
Recycling paper is not without its environmental problems. The process that transform old paper into new paper need significant amount of energy.
Then we have to add the transport of the recycled paper pulp to the recycling paper plant.
We need to work together to bring down our paper consumption while at the same time, we continue recycling paper at every opportunity.

22. WHAT IS PAPER RECYCLING?
Paper recycling is the process of manufacturing old paper products and turning them into new, reusable paper products. Making paper is a quiet easy process. Paper is made from trees, and every single part of the tree is modifided to make products or burned to create energy.

23. WHAT TYPES OF PAPER PRODUCTS CAN BE RECYCLED?
Newspaper
Shredded paper
Phonebooks
Cardboard
Magazines
Computer paper
Envelopes
Junk mail

24. WHEN YOU RECYCLE CARDBOARD AND OTHER PAPER PRODUCTS YOU CAN CREATE MILLIONS OF NEW PRODUCTS SUCH AS:
Egg cartons
Paper towels
Tissue
Toilet paper
Newspaper
Phonebooks
Paper bags
Notebooks
Stamps
Business cars
Calendars
There are so many other products that you can make with recycled paper. And the best thing about paper recycling is that it used less chemicals, which is safer for the environment.

25. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF PAPER RECYCLING?
Recycling newspaper saves 14% of landfill space
For every ton of newspaper recycled you can save enough energy to power a television for 31 hours
Recycling one ton of paper can save 17 trees
Reduces sulfur dioxide emissions
Uses less fossil fuels
Most paper can be recycled up to 8 times to create new products
Leaves more trees for the sustainability of our environment
Saves energy

26. When you recycle paper you leave more trees to grow and give us with healthy oxygen to breathe.

27. This Power Point Presentation is the joint work of Giulia Bandioli, Samuele Danieli, Marco Di Sarno and Francesca Pedroni, four students in class 2B Igea-Erica at Istituto “Giovanni Falcone” (Asola, MN), school year , under the supervision of their English teacher, Mrs Serena Tanchella.
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