1. 1 4. PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL CHP SYSTEMS Asko Vuorinen

2. 2 System conditions City in North-Europe 100 000 inhabitants Peak electricity load 250 MW Electricity consumption 1200 GWh/a Full power hours 4800 h/a

3. 3 Electrical load duration curve

4. 4 Heat load in district heating network Peak heat load 400 MW Heat consumption 1200 GWh/a Full power hours 3000 h/a Number of people living in district heated houses 80 000 (80 %)

5. 5 Heat load duration curve

6. 6 Power plant alternatives gas fired CHP plants GE*DFCC** ---------------------------------------------------------------- ElectricityMW3267 HeatMW3261 P/Q1.01.1 Electrical efficiency43 %45 % Total efficiency86 %86 % * Gas engine plant (4 x 8 MW) ** Dual-fuel combined cycle plant with 4 x 16 MW duel-fuel engines and 3 MW steam turbine or alternatively with 1 x 50 MW gas turbine and a 17 MW steam turbine

7. 7 Power plant alternatives Other plants Coal/bio*HW boiler** ---------------------------------------------------------------- ElectricityMW60- HeatMW12030 P/Q0.5- Electrical efficiency28 %- Total efficiency85 %85 % * Steam plant with back-pressure steam turbine using coal or woodchips ** Hot water boiler without electricity generation

8. 8 What is the optimal size of a gas engine CHP plant? Specific investment costs become lower with larger size Full power hours in chp operation will become lower with larger size Optimal size is the one, which gives the best profitability of investment

9. 9 Assumptions Power plants will operate in full CHP mode and generate always heat and power at the same time* Ancillary services and reserve power needs are not taken into account** All the investments will be made at the same time*** * The CHP plant can also designed to generate only electricity ** If the plant can start up in ten minutes, it can generate also non- spinning and regulation reserves and increase profits *** Stepwise investments according to the growth of consumption are many times more profitable

10. 10 Levelised energy prices* Electricity - internal sales70 €/MWh - external sales60 €/MWh Heat40 €/MWh Natural gas26.5 €/MWh CO 2 -allowance15 €/t Levelised prices have been defined in presentation ”Planning of national power systems”

11. 11 Optimal size of a gas engine CHP plant

12. 12 Investment cost estimates gas engine CHP plant I(P) = I(P 0 ) x (P/P 0 ) y x K i where I(P) = investment costs at output P I(P 0 ) = investment costs at output P 0 (22.5 M€) P 0 = base output of gas engine plant (32 MW) y = exponent (0.9) Ki = coefficient for infrastructures (1.1)

13. 13 Investment cost estimates gas engine CHP plant CHP plantCHP plantHW boilerTotal MWe/MWtM€M€M€ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 0/0-33.2 33.2 96/9669.526.5 96.0 128/12890.124.1114.2 160/160110.121.8132.0 192/192129.819.5149.3 224/224149.517.1166.2 256/256168.114.7182.8

14. 14 Elecitricity balance gas engine CHP plant OutputGenerationPurchasesExt. sales MWe/MWtGWhGWhGWh ----------------------------------------------------------------- 0/0012000 96/967324680 128/1288753284 160/160100521924 192/192108817563 224/2241140166105 256/2561168166133

15. 15 Heat balance, gas engine CHP plant OutputCHP plantHW boilerCHP MWe/MWtGWhGWhshare ----------------------------------------------------------------- 0/0 012000 % 96/96 732 46861% 128/128 875 32573 % 160/1601005 19584 % 192/1921088 11291 % 224/2241139 6195 % 256/2561168 3297 %

16. 16 Profitability of gas engine CHP plant investment OutputInvestmentProfitInv./ MWe/MWtM€M€profit ----------------------------------------------------------------- 0/0329.73.3 96/969626.73.6 128/12811430.53.7 160/16013234.34.8 192/19214937.44.0 224/22416640.04.2 256/25618241.64.4

17. 17 Profitability of marginal gas engine CHP plant investment OutputMarg.Inv.Marg.ProfitM.Inv./ MWe/MWtM€M€M.profit ----------------------------------------------------------------- 0/0329.73.3 96/9663173.7 128/128183.84.8 160/160183.74.9 192/192173.15.5 224/224172.66.6 256/256171.610.5

18. 18 Optimal electricity balance of a gas engine chp system 1140 GWh 105 GWh 166 GWh

19. 19 Optimal heat balance of a gas engine CHP system 1139 GWh 61 GWh

20. 20 Design parameters of the optimal gas engine plant Gas Engines28 x 8 MW Electrical output224 MWe Heat output224 MWt Electricity gener.1139 GWh Heat generation1139 GWh Full power hours5085 h/a

21. 21 Optimal size of a dual-fuel combined cycle CHP plant

22. 22 Investment costs DFCC CHP plant Investment (P) = (P/32) 0.9 x 24 M€ CHP plantCHP plantHW-boilerTotal MWe/MWtM€M€M€ ------------------------------------------------------------- 201/18314420164 234/21316618184 268/24418716203

23. 23 Electricity balance, DFCC CHP plant CHP plantGenerationPurchesExt. sales MWe/MWtGWhGWhGWh ------------------------------------------------------------------- 201/1831172136108 234/2131235131166 268/2441271131202

24. 24 Heat balance, DFCC CHP plant CHP plantCHP plantHW-boilerCHP MWe/MWtGWhGWhshare ------------------------------------------------------------------- 201/183106813289 % 234/2131126 7494 % 268/2441159 4197 %

25. 25 Profitability of DFCC CHP plant CHP plantInvestmentProfitInvest/ MWe/MWtM€M€profit ------------------------------------------------------------------- 201/183164394.2 234/213184424.4 268/244203434.7

26. 26 Marginal profitability of DFCC CHP plant OputputMarginalMarginalMarginal CHP plantInvestmentProfitInvest./ MWe/MWtM€M€m. profit ------------------------------------------------------------------- 201/183407.75.2 234/213193.06.4 268/244191.019

27. 27 Optimal electricity balance of a DFCC CHP system 1235 GWh131 GWh 166 GWh

28. 28 Optimal heat balance of a DFCC CHP system 1126 GWh 74 GWh

29. 29 Optimal DFCC plant Electrical output234 MWe Heat output213 MWt Electricity gener.1235 GWh Heat generation1125 GWh Full power hours5280 h/a

30. 30 Design parameters of the optimal DFCC plant Type of plantGECC DFCCGTCC MW MW MW ------------------------------------------------------------------- Engines* 28 x 8 14x163 x 60 Steam turbine1 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 60 Electrical output234 234 240 Heat output213 213 215 * Flexibility becomes better, when the number of engines grows

31. 31 Optimal size of a coal fired CHP plant

32. 32 Investment costs coal fired CHP plant Investment (P) = (P/32) 0.9 x 32 M€ CHP plantCHP plantHW boilerTotal MWe/MWtM€M€M€ ------------------------------------------------------------- 60/12057.524.782.2 90/18082.820.4103 120/24010715.9123 150/30013111.3142

33. 33 Electricity balance coal fired CHP plant CHP plantGenerationPurchaseExt. sales MWe/MWtGWhGWhGWh ------------------------------------------------------------- 60/1204197810 90/1804987020 120/2405036970 150/300476*7240 * Generation becomes lower because of mimimum output of the plant is 30 % of the nominal output

34. 34 Heat balance coal fired CHP plant CHP plantCHP plantHW boilerCHP MWe/MWtGWhGWhshare ------------------------------------------------------------- 60/12083736370 % 90/18099520583 % 120/240100619484 % 150/300952*24879 % * Generation becomes lower because of mimimum output of the plant is 30 % of the nominal output

35. 35 Profitability of coal fired CHP plant CHP plantInvestmentProfitInv./ MWe/MWtM€M€profit ---------------------------------------------------------------- 60/12082.241.52.0 90/18010348.62.1 120/24012350.72.4 150/30014350.62.8

36. 36 Marginal profitability coal fired CHP plant OutputMarginalMarginalMarginal CHP plantInvestmentProfitinv./ mar. MWe/MWtM€M€profit ------------------------------------------------------------- 60/12082.241.52.0 90/18021 7.13.0 120/24020 2.19.5 150/30019-0.1neg

37. 37 Optimal Electricity balance of a coal fired CHP plant 503 GWh 697 GWh

38. 38 Optimal heat balance of a coal fired CHP plant 1006 GWh 194 GWh

39. 39 Desing parameters of the optimal coal fired CHP plant Steam turbine1 x 120 MW Electrical output120 MWe Heat output240 MWt Electricity gener.696 GWh Heat generation1006 GWh Full power hours4190 h/a

40. 40 Comparison of systems

41. 41 Comparison of systems SystemElectrical output CHP- (MW)(kW/capita) share ------------------------------------------------------------------ GE-224/224224 2.2 95 % DFCC-234/213234 2.3 94 % Coal-120/240120 1.2* 84 % * With coal fied plant the potential capacity of CHP system is only 55 % of the capacity of a gas engine (GE) or dual-fuel combined cycle systems

42. 42 Evaluating the potential CHP capacity

43. 43 Potential CHP capacity of cities (kWe/capita) Area Natural gas available YesNo --------------------------------------------------- Large cities 2.31.2 Small cities2.21.0

44. 44 Population living in district heated houses in Finland (thousands) Area Natural gas available Yes NoTotal ------------------------------------------------------------------- Large cities 13643581722 Other areas 450283 733 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 18146412455* * 47 % of people live in district heated houses

45. 45 Potential CHP capacity in Finland (MWe) AreaNatural gas available YesNo Total ----------------------------------------------------------- Large cities 3270 430 3700 Other areas 855 255 1110 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total4125685 4810

46. 46 Potential new municipal CHP capacity in Finland Total potential 4810 MW* Capacity today-4020 MW ---------------------------------------------------- Potential new capacity 790 MW *Total potential = 0.92 kWe/capita (Finnish total population is 5.2 Million)

47. CHP capacity of the eight largest cities in Finland CHP Population Capacity Citycapacity in DH per capita (MWe) (number) (kW/capita) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Helsinki1017 526 000 1.93 Espoo 124 227 500 0.71* Tampere 336 203 000´ 2.16 Vantaa 198 185 000 1.31 Turku 261 174 000 1.83 Oulu 188 127 200 1.67 Lahti 249 98 300 2.77 Jyväskylä 88 82 000 1.07 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total2461 1623 000 1.52 * Espoo has Suomenoja GTCC plant with 240 MWe/220 MWt

48. 48 Summary The potential CHP capacity is about 2 kWe/capita in cities with gas network and 1 kWe/capita in other cities in the Nordic countries The cities can planned to be independent of outside electricity by building gas fired CHP plants

49. 49 For details see reference text book ”Planning of Optimal Power Systems” www.optimalpowersystems.com Author: Asko Vuorinen Publisher: Ekoenergo Oy Printed: 2008 in Finland Further details and internet orders see: