1. Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Mr. Freidhoff

2. The Dogma The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. 1.Replication: DNA copies itself. 2.Transcription: DNA copies itself using RNA. 3.Translation: RNA produces protein.

3. Analogy DNA mRNA Amino Acids TranscriptionTranslation Photocopy

4. RNA RNA: Ribonucleic acid. Similar to DNA, three differences. 1.Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. 2.Contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). 3.Single strand, not double.

6. DNA vs. RNA DNA Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine RNA Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine

8. Transcription Process of converting DNA to RNA. Occurs in the nucleus. Double helix is unzipped allowing the inside to be “read.” Enzyme binds RNA nucleotides to DNA strand.

9. RNA polymerase RNA nucleotide Direction of transcription Newly made RNA Template strand of DNA

10. DNA  RNA A  UA  U T  A G  CG  C C  GC  G

11. Transcription Practice DNA: G C A T T A G G C A T G G C C A RNA: C G U A A U C C G U A C C G G U

12. Transcription mRNA: leaves nucleus as a copy and codes for an amino acid (translation). – m stands for messenger.

14. DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 DNA strand TRANSCRIPTION RNA Polypeptide TRANSLATION Codon Amino acid

15. Analogy DNA mRNA Amino Acids TranscriptionTranslation Photocopy

16. Translation Decodes information from mRNA to produce amino acids.

17. Translation Occurs at the ribosome. Ribosome decodes mRNA from nucleus and creates a protein. Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids.

18. Codons To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in groups of three nucleotides called codons. DNA: T A C C T C A A G T C A A T T RNA: A U G G A G U U C A G U U A A Codon #1Codon #2Codon #3 Codon #4Codon #5

19. Codons Codon: 3 base “word” that codes for one amino acid. 3 nucleotides = 1 codon 1 codon = 1 amino acid. Several codons form a polypeptide.

20. Codon Charts

22. Start/Stop Codons Every protein must begin with the “Start” codon. AUG “You all should AUG studying for your test next week…” Every protein must end with one of three “Stop” codons. UAA UAG UGA

24. Amino Acids - 20 different kinds of amino acids.

25. Practice Transcribe this DNA sequence and translate the RNA sequence T A C G C C A A T C A C C G G G T C C C A A C T DNA RNA A U G C G G U U A G U G G C C C A G G G U U G A Amino Acids START ARGLEU VAL ALAGLN GLY Stop    Leucine Arginine Valine Alanine Glycine Methionine Glutamine

27. tRNA Transfer RNA – One end has three code of RNA (anticodon). – Other end has Amino Acid. When the tRNA binds with ribosome and mRNA, Amino Acid bonds with previous AA.

28. tRNA Anticodon: 3 Nucleotide sequence complementary to the mRNA codon.

32. What is this red structure? What molecules are present in this photo?

33. rRNA r stands for ribosomal RNA. Makes up the structure of the ribosome.

34. Translation The same mRNA may be used to make many copies of the same protein.

35. Analogy DNA mRNA Amino Acids TranscriptionTranslation Photocopy

36. Amino Acids to Proteins Different proteins will have different amounts of amino acids. The order and the amount of amino acids will determine what the protein looks like and does.

37. Amino Acids to Proteins Proteins are like tiny tools the cells use to complete different functions. Molecular Biology: Study of how living organisms function at the molecular level. – One common characteristic: Genetic code.