1. Concussions By: Nicholas Belmonte, Alex Pereira, Massimo Fedrigoni, Anthony Mancini, Jake Rossi, and Nicolas Di Maria

2. What is a concussion? A concussion is a traumatic blow to the head causing shock to the brain. It is commonly used when describing the after effects of the blow. Has a large variety of symptoms. Symptoms will be immediate, however some can appear as late as 12 hours later. A concussion is not permanent.

3. Symptoms Headache or feeling of pressure in the head. Loss of consciousness. (in severe cases) Confusion. Amnesia surrounding traumatic event. Dizziness. Nausea Vomitting Difficulty keeping eyes open. Etc…

4. Cause Of Injury A concussion is the result of a serious blow to the head. There is no set force needed to cause a concussion. This means a powerful punch or hit to the head is not the only way to get a concussion. Concussions can be caused by small bumps to the head, for example riding an old rollercoaster. Occurs frequently in sports with extreme roughness such as rugby, hockey or football.

5. Effects on Sports Performance Recommended to totally withdrawal from any sports participation both casual and competitive. Professional athletes are widely known for playing through concussions. Alters performance ability greatly due to slower reaction time, and other symptoms. Multiple concussions can lead to CTE an extremely dangerous disease found in many ex-professional athletes.

6. What is CTE? Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Only diagnosed after death. Causes extreme depression, suicidal thoughts, lack of judgement, and change in behaviour. https://www.statnews.com/2015/12/17/everything- know-dont-know-concussions/

7. Treatment/Rehabilitation Physical and mental rest. This means no extra curricular sports, shortened school or workdays, and avoiding things like television or video games. As symptoms improve gradual increase in physical and mental exertion is recommended. Pain relievers for headaches may be given. Before exerting yourself in any way talk to your doctor to ensure it is safe to do so.

8. Prevention Wear protective gear while playing sports. Wear your seat belt. Ensure a safe living environment. (Bright lights, no clutter etc..) Protect your children by blocking stairways, or covering corners. Exercise to strengthen balance. Be educated on concussions.

9. Facts About 2.5 million people are concussed every year. 43% of people have a concussion related symptom one year later. Football is responsible for the most concussions. Anxiety and depression are linked to concussions. 25% of all concussions occur in children under 15. Famous athletes that have recently sustained concussions are: Sydney Crosby, Kevin Turner, and Sean Taylor

10. Sources Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education, and Controversy. Robert Jacobson. 2010 ed. Information Plus Reference Series Detroit: Gale, 2010. From Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2016. From Opposing Viewpoints In Context. USA Today. Rpt. in Professional Athletes. Ed. Margaret Haerens and Lynn M. Zott. Opposing Viewpoints Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2014. From Opposing Viewpoints In Context.