2. Bellringer # 41 1. What is the atmosphere? 2. Where is the atmosphere the thickest? 3. What two things drive weather? 4. What causes weather to move everyday?

3. Homework Chapter 22 Vocab 15 words List on page 799 Due tomorrow

5. Bellringer # 32 1.Which layer of the atmosphere is closest to Earth? 2.Which layer is farthest away? 3.Which layer is the coldest?

6. Characteristics of the Atmosphere From space, the Earth’s atmosphere would look like a thin, blue halo of light. The Atmosphere: – Provides the air that we breath – Regulates global temperature – Filters out dangerous solar radiation

7. Gases of the Atmosphere There would be no oxygen without the atmosphere. It is composed of two main gases – Nitrogen 78% – Oxygen 21% Other elements in the atmosphere that exist in small amounts are called trace gases

8. Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere has four layers. These layers differ in – temperature – density – relative amounts of the different gases that are present.

9. 1. Troposphere (where we live) Troposphere: the lowest layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases Almost all weather occurs in the troposphere. The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to Earth’s surface. The troposphere is the densest layer.

10. The troposphere gets cooler with increasing altitude. The temperature decreases by 6° C for every kilometer of altitude. At the top of the troposphere the temperature stops decreasing. – The boundary where this occurs is called the tropopause. – The temperature at the tropopause is -55 °C. The low temperature keeps water vapor in the troposphere.

11. Cold air can become trapped beneath warm air. A temperature inversion happens when warm air traps cooler air near Earth’s surface. – When a temperature inversion occurs, trapped air can become thick with pollution. – As long as a temperature inversion lasts, it is not healthy to exercise outside.

12. 2. Stratosphere The stratosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude. stratosphere: the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases; contains the ozone layer – At about 25 km, the temperature begins to increase with altitude until it reaches about 0° C. – The stratosphere contains few clouds and no storms. – The ozone layer shields living things on Earth’s surface from ultraviolet-radiation damage.

13. 3. Mesosphere mesosphere: the coldest layer of the atmosphere, between the stratosphere and the thermosphere, in which temperature decreases as altitude increases – Temperatures in the mesosphere decrease to about -80º C.

14. 4. Thermosphere thermosphere: the uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases – Temperatures average about 980 °C (1,796 °F) because the small amount of oxygen absorbs intense solar radiation. The mesosphere and thermosphere exhibit extremes of temperature.

15. Ionosphere The ionosphere is important to radio communication. – When solar energy is absorbed in the lower thermosphere and upper mesosphere, charged ions are formed. – This layer is often called the ionosphere. – Radio waves are reflected in the ionosphere. – Auroras take place in the ionosphere.

16. The ionosphere is important for radio wave (AM only) propagation.... ionosphere is composed of the D, E, and F layers the D layer is good at absorbing AM radio waves D layer dissapears at night.... the E and F layers bounce the waves back to the earth this explains why radio stations adjust their power output at sunset and sunrise

18. The Aurora Borealis (Northern lights) Aurora Australis (Southern lights) http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=PaS FAbATPvk&feature= related

19. Where did Earth’s atmosphere come from? 〉 When Earth began to solidify, about 4.4 billion years ago, volcanic eruptions released a variety of gases. The process of releasing gases during volcanic eruptions is called outgassing. The gases released by volcanoes did not include oxygen.

20. Photosynthetic plants contribute oxygen to the atmosphere. – Organisms evolved photosynthesis, a method of capturing energy from the sun. – Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a waste product. – Gradually the oxygen content increased to what it is today.

21. Animals produce carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis. – Oxygen breathing organisms evolved and released carbon dioxide as a waste product. – The oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle maintains a balance of atmospheric gases on Earth.

22. Human-made chemicals can deplete the ozone layer. – Ozone forms when the sun’s ultraviolet rays strike molecules of O 2. – Ozone absorbs much of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation. – Without the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation would damage living cells. Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, are chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, but are now banned in most countries.

23. The greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm. greenhouse effect: the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation – Greenhouse gases trap the sun’s heat and keep Earth’s surface warm.

24. Too much carbon dioxide may cause global warming. – If too much energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, global temperatures will rise. – Global warming could cause problems, such as rising ocean levels, because of melting polar icecaps, and droughts. – Combustion of coal, oil, and gas has added more carbon dioxide to the air.

26. Homework Section 1 Review Page 780 #1-7 For #7 I am not looking for an answer like he could have fallen and broken every bone in his body. For #7 think about why the atmosphere would be dangerous at that height.

27. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ astronomy/planets/earth/clouds/

29. Bellringer # 33 Read “Harnessing the Wind” on page 788 Answer question 2 in your journal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRqu4WiL Qfk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRqu4WiL Qfk&feature=related

30. The Water Cycle 〉 What happens to water in the troposphere? 〉 Water is continuously being moved through the troposphere. water cycle: the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans Water is continuously being moved, primarily between the oceans and the continents.

34. Evaporated water vapor condenses to form precipitation. Evaporation occurs when solar energy heats water molecules, and they rise as gaseous water vapor. transpiration: the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through their leaves precipitation: any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds

36. Air contains varying quantities of water vapor. humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air – Relative humidity is the actual amount of vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air could hold at that temperature. Air that has a relative humidity of 100% is said to be saturated.

37. Warmer temperatures evaporate more water. – Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air can. Water vapor becomes liquid at the dew point.

38. dew point: the temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation – Air or a gas begins to condense to a liquid. When humidity is high, there are more molecules of water in the air and it is easier to form liquid. The higher the humidity, the higher the dew point.

39. Clouds form as warm, moist air rises. – Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets of liquid as it cools. – Depending on where clouds form, they can have different shapes and characteristics.

40. Cloud names describe their shape and the altitude at which they form. – Clouds are named with combinations of three root words: cirrus stratus cumulus Cirrus clouds are thin, wispy, and occur at high altitudes. Stratus clouds are layered and look like sheets. Cumulus clouds are white and fluffy with somewhat flat bottoms.

41. Cloud names reflect combined characteristics. Cirrostratus clouds are high, layered clouds that form a thin white veil. Altostratus and altocumulus clouds are stratus and cumulus clouds that occur at middle altitudes. Cumulonimbus clouds are towering rain clouds that often produce thunderstorms. Nimbostratus clouds are large, gray clouds that often produce steady precipitation.

44. Air Pressure 〉 What is air pressure, and by what terms is it also know? 〉 The barometric pressure, also called atmospheric pressure or air pressure, is the pressure that results from the weight of a column of air extending from the top of the thermosphere to the point of measurement.

45. Changes in barometric pressure often accompany changes in the weather. Falling pressure may indicate that a large air mass is leaving the area. Rising air pressure may mean that an air mass is moving in.

46. Mercury barometers indicate air pressure by a column of mercury. – At sea level, the barometric pressure of air at 0 °C is about 760 mm of mercury. – 760 mm of mercury is defined as 1 atmosphere (1 atm) of pressure – The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa) – A pascal is equal to 1 newton per square meter. Aneroid barometers do not contain liquid.

48. Wind 〉 What causes wind? 〉 Differences in pressure create winds. Pressure gradients cause air to move. – pressure gradient: a difference in air pressure from one place to another – The air in a pressure gradient moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. – wind: the movement of air from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area

49. Earth’s rotation affects the direction of winds. Coriolis effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to Earth’s rotation – Points at different latitudes on Earth’s surface move at different speeds. Earth goes through a full rotation in 24 hours. Points on the equator travel the Earth’s full circumference in 24 hours. Points closer to the poles do not travel as far.

50. Predictable air circulation forms wind patterns. – Winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve clockwise. – Winds in the Southern Hemisphere curve counterclockwise. The resulting patterns are very regular, and have been named by meteorologists. – Polar easterlies – Westerlies – Northeast trade winds – Southeast trade winds

52. Global wind patterns form circulation cells. – Flowing from a high-pressure area to a low- pressure area, air flows both north and south in a large loop. – Three loops of rising warm air and sinking cold are can be found in each hemisphere – Air in each of the hemispheres completes three loops, called cells.

53. Homework Cloud/Water Cycle Graph Section 2 Review Questions Page 787 Complete #1-7

55. Bellringer # 34 Read “Surviving Natural Disasters” pg.793 Answer question 1 in your journal

56. Ch22 S.3 Weather and Climate pg. 789  1.Fronts and Severe Weather – A.Front types include warm, cold, and stationary fronts 

57. Homework Chapter 22 S.3 Review Questions Pg. 795 #1-5

58. Fronts and Severe Weather 〉 How do fronts affect the weather? 〉 When fronts move through an area, the result is usually precipitation and a change in wind direction and temperature. air mass: a large body of air where temperature and moisture content are similar throughout front: the boundary between air masses of different densities and usually different temperatures

59. Interactions between air masses have predictable effects on the weather in a given location. Clouds, rain, and sometimes snow can occur at fronts. Front types include warm fronts cold fronts stationary fronts

60. Lightning is a discharge of atmospheric electrical energy. – Water droplets and ice crystals in thunderclouds build up electrical charges. – Lightning is a big spark that jump between clouds or between clouds and Earth to equalize the charge. Lightning heats the air so fast that the air expands faster than the speed of sound. – The shockwave created is thunder.

62. Tornadoes are funnels of high-speed wind. – Tornado winds are the most violent winds on Earth. Wind speeds may reach up to 500 km/h. – Tornadoes typically form along a front between cool, dry air and warm, humid air. – funnel cloud: a column of water droplets Tornadoes are fast moving and unpredictable.

64. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems. These storms are called – hurricanes in North America and the Caribbean – cyclones in the Indian Ocean – typhoons in the western Pacific tropical depressions: intense low-pressure areas that can become hurricanes

65. Hurricanes are powered by energy released as water vapor condenses to form clouds. The center of a hurricane is called the eye. The eye is usually calm. Hurricane winds can reach speeds greater than 250 km/h http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=Riauw5UTnW8&feature =channel http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=Riauw5UTnW8&feature =channel http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=9_j3oKzNFOc&feature=c hannel http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=9_j3oKzNFOc&feature=c hannel

66. Storm surge from Hurricane Ivan cut a channel through this barrier island near Pensacola, Florida. The Category 5 storm was the strongest of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.

67. Parts of Homestead, Florida, lie in ruins after Hurricane Andrew tore through the area with Category 5 winds. Andrew follows Katrina as the second-most destructive U.S. hurricane on record, with winds topping 164 miles (264 kilometers) per hour

68. Palm trees bend as Hurricane Allen lashes the Texas Gulf Coast with 100-mile-per-hour (160- kilometer- per-hour) winds in 1980. Hurricanes form over warm water that is at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius).

69. Two daring beachgoers brave hurricane-driven surf in North Palm Beach, Florida. Hurricanes that hit the U.S. East Coast typically form over the tropics between June and November.

70. Wind and rain pummel a building and surrounding palm trees during a hurricane in Florida. The state's location between three bodies of water—the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Gulf of Mexico to the west, and Florida Straits to the south—makes it especially prone to hurricanes.

71. After slicing through violent wind, rain, hail, and updrafts, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration P-3 plane flies in the calm eye of Hurricane Caroline. Specially equipped NOAA aircraft collect meteorological data from the upper atmosphere for hurricane forecasting.

72. Climate 〉 How is climate different from weather? 〉 Weather changes from day to day, but climate does not change as quickly. climate: the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

74. Temperatures tend to be higher close to the equator. – Sunlight strikes the earth more directly close to the equator. – The suns rays are less concentrated at the poles, and do not warm the atmosphere as much.

75. Earth’s tilt and rotation account for our seasons. – When the North Pole is tilted toward the sun, the Northern Hemisphere experiences summer. There is more daylight, and the temperature increases. Earth is farthest from the sun on July 4. When the South Pole is tilted toward the sun, the Southern Hemisphere experience summer.

76. Earth’s surface features affect climate. topography: the size and shape of the land surface features of a region, including its relief – Variations in topography affect the climate of a region. Mountains can trap moisture on one side. – Deserts may form on the dry side of a mountain. Broad flat surfaces allow winds to merge on the plains. – Thunderstorms and tornados may form.

77. Global climate changes over long periods of time. Many factors produce changes in Earth’s climate, such as: eruptions of volcanoes shift of the continents changes in Earth’s tilt Many scientists think that increases in human- made greenhouse gases have caused the recent increase in global average temperature.