1. Meteorology and Climate

2. Meteorology Study of the earth’s atmospheric changes weather

3. Meteorologist Scientist who studies weather

4. weather Short term condition of the atmosphere Can change quickly, within days, hours, or minutes

5. Atmosphere The shell of gasses that surround the Earth Divided into layers based on temperature changes with altitude

6. Internal energy Inside the earth Causes: Radioactive decay (heat left over from the forming of Earth)

7. External energy Solar energy-from the sun Effected by: position of the sun in the sky The amount of solar energy absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere Insolation: incoming solar radiation

8. Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere ESRT page ____________? Questions 1-16

9. How energy reaches earth Radiation: Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves Can travel through empty space Most of the suns energy that reaches earth’s surface is in the visible range of electromagnetic spectrum

10. Electromagnetic Spectrum ESRT page _____? Classification of radiation based on wavelength, frequency, and amplitude

12. 1. Heat waves= infrared and microwave radiation 2. Lead protects you from xray 3. Skin cancer results from too much UV radiation 4. Music is sent along as radiowaves 5. Nuclear bombs =gamma rays and x rays 6. sun= all types but mostly visible

13. Angle of insolation Altitude of the sun over the horizon, measured in degrees Highest altitude is 90 degrees 90 degrees- light is most concentrated, heat is more concentration, warmer temperatures 45 degrees- light is more spread out, less concentrated, less heat and cooler temperatures

14. 1) Time of day Sunrise- sun is lowest in the sky=cooler temperatures Solar noon-sun is highest in the sky=warmer temperatures Sunset-sun is low in the sky= cooler temperatures

15. 2) Latitude The lower the latitude the higher the angle of insolation Equator- altitude of the sun is high all year, warm temperatures Poles- altitude of sun is low all year, cooler temperatures

16. 3) Seasons In the northern hemisphere: Sun is highest in the sky in June-warmer temperatures, summer Sun is lowest in the sky in December-cooler temperatures, winter

17. Duration of Insolation Length of time the sun is over the horizon Depends on latitude and time of year Equator=12 hours all year long=no seasons As the latitude increases… summer: longer days, warmer temperatures ….. winter: shorter days, cooler temperatures

18. Duration of Insolation ?s 1-3

19. Atmospheric transparency Note packet

20. Reflection/Refraction/Absorption Light vs. Dark Dark Surfaces: absorb greater amount of heat Radiates the greatest amount of heat Light Surface: reflect the greatest amount of heat Radiate the least Albedo: fraction of the suns light that is reflected from a surface

21. Reflection/Refraction/Absorption Rough vs. Smooth Rough surfaces: more surface area to absorb more Smooth surfaces: less surface area, does not absorb as much

22. Land vs. Water Land heats up faster than water because water has a higher specific heat Land cools down faster than water, because water has a higher specific heat In the winter the lake may not freeze, in the spring-part of the lake may still be frozen even though temperatures are warm

25. Specific Heat ESRT page….? The amount of heat (calories) needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree Celsius The higher the specific heat, the more heat energy it requires to raise the temperature of the material The lower the specific heat the faster it heats up

26. If a material heats up quickly, it will also cool down quickly

27. Specific Heat questions a-e, 1-5

28. Terrestrial Radiation Note Packet

29. Greenhouse effect What is the greenhouse effect? What are the greenhouse gases? Where do they come from? What happens if we increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? Create a diagram that shows what the greenhouse effect is. Explain the diagram Describe the runaway greenhouse effect. What is the example that is used to talk about the runaway effect. Why?

30. Terrestrial Radiation Questions 1-9

31. Conduction Transfer of energy from molecule to molecule Most effective in solids, but can occur in gasses or liquids Ex: metal bar Con DUCT ion

32. Convection Energy transfer causes by the differences in density Occurs in fluids Most dominant heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere Warm air rises, cold air sinks

33. Radiation Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

36. Weather variables Temperature: the measure of the average kinetic energy How fast the molecules move F Fahrenheit C Celsius K Kelvin

37. Isotherms: lines that connect places of equal temperature

38. Temperature Conversions Pg 183

39. Air Pressure Weight of the Earths atmosphere Changes depending on the temperature Instrument: barometer Measured in inches or milibars

40. Isobars: lines that connect places of equal barometric pressure

41. Mercury Barometer As air pressure pushes on the surface of the mercury in the dish, the mercury travels up the tube As the pressure increases, the mercury rises up higher in the tube Cold air sinks-causes higher air pressure When pressure decreases, the mercury sinks out of the tube Warm air rises-causes lower pressure

43. Pressure conversions Pg 184

44. Isotherm and Isobar wkst, lab

45. 3) Relative Humidity Ratio between the amount of moisture in the atmosphere and how much moisture the atmosphere can hold Measured in % When the air is holding as much water vapor as it can hold it is saturated. RH100%

46. The warmer the temperature is the more moisture it can hold

47. Hygrometer

48. Sling Psychrometer

49. Dew Point Temperature: Temperature in which the air is saturated 100%

50. Dry bulb- air temperature Wet bulb- temperature an air parcel cooled by evaporation of water

51. ESRT page ____ Example 1: If the dry bulb temperature is 20 degrees C and the wet bulb temperature is 15 degrees C, find the dew point temperature and the relative humidity.

52. Example 2: Find the relative humidity and dew point temperature when the dry bulb temperature is 14 degrees C and the wet bulb temperature is 9 degrees C

53. Humidity and Dew point calculations 186-187

54. Condensation Change of phase from water vapor to liquid water Examples: water on cold glass, dew on grass, fog, clouds, water on mirror after a shower

55. 3 things needed for condensation to occur 1) water vapor must be present 2)air must be saturated (relative humidity 100%) 3) condensation nuclei ex. Dust particles

56. Density of air Warm air rises because it is less dense Cold air sinks because it is more dense

57. Formation of Clouds Warm moist air rises Air expands and cools to the dew point Air becomes saturated Water droplets form on dust particles Clouds consist of water droplets and ice crystals

58. Adiabatic cooling Cooling of a parcel of air as it rises through the atmosphere Dry adiabatic lapse rate- dry air cools faster Wet adiabatic lapse rate- moist air cools slower

59. Precipitation Cloud particles too heavy to remain suspended in the air fall to Earth Examples: rain, hail, sleet, snow, freezing rain

60. Wind The horizontal movement of air Caused by the uneven heating of Earth’s surface Differences in air temperature cause differences in air pressure The greater the difference in air pressure the faster the wind Named by the direction in which they come from North wind comes from the north

62. Sea Breeze Water heats up slower than land High specific heat Cooler air temperatures Air sinks High pressure Land heats up faster than water Low specific heat Warmer temperatures Air rises Low pressure

63. Land Breeze Water cools down slower than land (stays warmer) High specific heat Warmer temperatures at night Air rises Low Pressure Land cools down faster than water Low specific heat Cooler temperatures at night Air sinks High Pressure

65. Coriolis Effect The deflection of the winds and ocean currents caused by the rotation of Earth Deflection is to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere

66. High Pressure Cool/cold air Air sinks/goes down Air moves outward Clockwise No clouds No precipitation

67. Low Pressure Air rises Air moves inward Warm air Counter clockwise Clouds Precipitation likely

68. Planetary Winds diagram

69. Planetary Winds and Moisture Belts in troposphere chart

70. Weather changes graphs Pg 191

71. Air masses Large region of the atmosphere with uniform temperature and humidity

72. cP continental polar dry and cold cT continental tropicaldry and warm mP maritime polarwet and cold mT maritime tropicalwet and warm cA continental arcticdry and cold

73. Write the abbreviation for the air mass in the map below on page 192.

74. Front The boundary between two air masses ESRT: ________?

75. Cold Front Cold air pushes the warm, moist air upward Cold air is located behind the front The greater the difference in temperatures, the more likely there will be a major storm Usually pass quickly Brings cold but clear weather conditions

76. Warm Front Warm air gently rolls over the colder air Warm air is located behind the front Conditions are usually cloudy and rainy for several hours Usually pass slowly Brings warmer but rainy weather conditions

77. Occluded front Occurs when a cold air mass overtakes a warm mass and overtakes another cold air mass Precipitation is possible but not definite Very slight temperature change

78. Stationary Front Notice no arrows to show direction in the weather map symbols Stationary means the front is not moving Final direction of movement is difficult to predict Winds are blowing in opposite directions on each side of the front Clouds can last for days

79. Fronts are usually associated with… Clouds Precipitation Change in temperature Change in wind direction

80. Fronts packet

81. Station Models

83. Pressure On a station model, barometric pressure is always written in a three digit format. Converting from millibars: drop the 9 or 10 in the front and loose the decimal point. 1009.3 = 093 1022.2 = 222 994.9 = 949

84. Pressure Converting from the station model format to millibars: If the first number on the station model is 0-4, place a 10 in the front of the number. If the first number on the station model is 5-9, place a 9 in the front of the number. In either case, place a decimal point between the last 2 numbers

85. Converting from the station model format to millibars: 146 = First number is between 0 and 4. We put at 10 in front. Number becomes 10146. Next step is to place a decimal in between the last two numbers. Our final answer is 1014.6 978 = First number is between 5 and 9. We put a 9 in front. Number becomes 9978. We put a decimal in between the last two. Our final answer is 997.8

86. Need to Know The closer the air temperature is to the dew point temperature the greater the chance for precipitation

87. Weather motion wunderground

88. Storms activity

89. Create a disaster plan Plan Supply kit