1. RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR PLURALISM: FACTORS SHAPING SOCIAL TENSIONS IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY Svetlana Sharonova© Alexander Savvin© Natalia Erokhova© St.-Tikhon’s Orthodox Humanitarian University Moscow-Zadar 21-24 April 2016

2. Historical Background of American Model of Pluralism «the federal structure of the American system», «voluntary association», «nation as an association of religious communities rather than of individuals» R.P. Wolf

3. Characteristics of American Model of Pluralism The democratic ideal of citizen-politics To each defense of pluralism, there corresponds a defense of tolerance To the champion of pluralism as an instrument of democracy, tolerance is the life-and-let-life moderation of marketplace Views man as a rationally calculating maximizer of pleasure and minimizer of pain. R.P. Wolf

4. European Model of Pluralism The European model in contrast to the American model did not have a historical background, it was born as a theoretical concept. In recent years, adherents of minority religions and non-religions have increasingly phrased their claims in the language of human rights. Liberal thought has sometimes considered the issue of pluralism as raising issues about group autonomy and the degree to which a cultural of religious group ought to be provided with specific rights and protections which separate it from mainstream society

5. Problems of Realization of “Legal” and “Religious” Pluralism Deep religious traditions. Binary identity of believers. Increase of the popular religions. Attempt to legitimize specific religious norms on the legal level.

6. Russia Between Two Models and Original Specific major historical milestones: Christening of Russia (988) East-West Schism (1054) Provisional Government Reforms (1917) Decree on the Separation of Church and State (1918) Federal Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations (1990)

7. The Difference Between Russians and Americans Preferences Russians always choose “brotherhood” between two options – “brotherhood” and ”equality (of rights)” In front of social cataclysms Russians preferred to appeal to God not to the state Even in the Soviet period of atheistic regime people managed to attach religiosity to communist ideology

8. European and Russian Multiculturalism (Secular Pluralism) The main socialistic principle of interaction of different ethnic cultures is the following: cultural interchange and mutual enrichment in the development of unified national culture. This formula is close to the statement of the EU documents where the term of “unified cultural space” is used instead of the Soviet term of “unified national culture”. Unified, united, integrated, common (общий) or (единственный) one, single, sole (исключительный)???

9. Disappearance of Ethnic Groups (on the example of republic of Uzbekistan) Ethnographic groups Population census (1929) Population census (1959) Turki60 thousands4 thousands Kipchaki (кипчаки) 33,5 thousands100 Qurama (курама) 50 thousands-

10. Unified Socialistic Cultural Content of the Soviet Nations Under the Cover of Internationalism Indicator – functioning of a great amount of different languages. All the languages (as well as native speakers) were equal in their rights in socialistic society. Nevertheless it doesn’t mean that all the languages functioned equally in the Soviet society. Russian language has begun functioning as a communication and solidarity mediation language of all the nations of socialistic society forcing out other national languages and vanishing original languages of disappearing small ethnic groups.

11. Area of Social Tension in Realization of Socialistic Doctrine of “Multiculturalism” An ideological pressing of unification of national cultures made an explosion in the period of Perestroika. Powerful process of cultural and national identification has begun, it balanced on the edge of nationalism and nazism The same process we can witness in EU: referendums on separation of Scotland and Venice, an intension role of political nationalistic parties in France and Germany.

12. Modern Russia in the Search of Legal Pluralism Political pluralism. On practice all the basis of political and economic relationship is taken from international documents of EU. Specific characters reflect the area of social tensions: -ideological immunity -immunity to anarchism: 1991 – 90 parties, 1995 – 43 parties, 1999 - 26 parties, 2003 – 18 parties, 2007 – 11 parties, 2011 – 7 parties.

13. Economic pluralism Acceptation and fixing in the Constitution of Russian Federation norms of different forms of property, including private property. According to the data of the Ministry of Economic Development part of state sector of economic activity (economy) achieves 50% of GDP(Gross Domestic Product). According to the results of the analytical research made by BNP Paribas Russian state companies have 40-45% of dominant branch of Russian economy - petroleum production, 49% - in banking sector and 73% - in transport sphere. Specific of the area of social tension is the development of individual enterprise and small and middle-scale business: - the number of Russian businessmen is no more than 1% of active part of Russian population. - 4,5 millions registered economic subjects of small and middle-scale business are functioning now, which amounts 25% of all economic subjects in Russia.

14. Federalization

15. Discussion Legal pluralism is a threat for Russia (in political sphere?) because it connects to legitimization of anarchy. Legal pluralism is a threat for the Russian Orthodox Church because it connects to legitimization of sin in secular culture. Religion pluralism is a threat for the Russian Orthodox Church because it results in intensification ecumenism that contradicts to Canonical Orthodox Theology and Holy Fathers doctrine openly.