1. Chapter 5 States of Consciousness

2. Chapter 5 Overview Understanding Consciousness Understanding Consciousness Different states of consciousness Different states of consciousness Mental States, hypnosis, etc Mental States, hypnosis, etc Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders Dreams  Why do you dream? Dreams  Why do you dream?

3. Chapter 5 Overview Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Drug abuse Drug abuse Drug addiction Drug addiction Categories of Drugs Categories of Drugs Withdrawal, tolerance, dependence, etc Withdrawal, tolerance, dependence, etc

4. Chapter 5 Overview Healthy ways to alter consciousness Healthy ways to alter consciousness Meditation Meditation Hypnosis Hypnosis What these things to do our body, mind, etc. What these things to do our body, mind, etc.

5. I. Understanding Consciousness Consciousness: The awareness of things that are both inside and outside of ourselves Consciousness: The awareness of things that are both inside and outside of ourselves Consciousness is an elusive but essential subject of study for psychologists Consciousness is an elusive but essential subject of study for psychologists Consciousness has a number of different meanings, including sensory awareness, direct inner awareness, and a sense of self Consciousness has a number of different meanings, including sensory awareness, direct inner awareness, and a sense of self

6. I. Understanding Consciousness Psychologists have not always thought that consciousness should be a part of the study of psychology Psychologists have not always thought that consciousness should be a part of the study of psychology Today, many psychologists believe that consciousness can be studied scientifically Today, many psychologists believe that consciousness can be studied scientifically Consciousness is a psychological construct because it cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly Consciousness is a psychological construct because it cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly

7. I. Understanding Consciousness Consciousness is NOT an all or nothing phenomenon Consciousness is NOT an all or nothing phenomenon It exists on a continuum with high awareness and CONTROLLED processes at the top and NO AWARENESS and coma at the bottom and lower awareness and AUTOMATIC processes somewhere in the middle It exists on a continuum with high awareness and CONTROLLED processes at the top and NO AWARENESS and coma at the bottom and lower awareness and AUTOMATIC processes somewhere in the middle

8. I. Understanding Consciousness There are three levels of consciousness  There are three levels of consciousness  Preconscious Preconscious Preconscious thought is stored knowledge that is retrievable into conscious awareness Unconscious Unconscious Information stored in the unconscious level is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances Nonconscious Nonconscious The nonconscious level refers to bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware

9. II. Sleep and Dreams Sleeping and dreaming are essential to human health, although many questions remain Sleeping and dreaming are essential to human health, although many questions remain Not everyone remembers dreams Not everyone remembers dreams Not all people can have a good night sleep Not all people can have a good night sleep Some people are troubled by various sleep problems Some people are troubled by various sleep problems

10. II. Sleep and Dreams Circadian Rhythms Circadian Rhythms Biological rhythms affect many aspects of people’s lives Biological rhythms affect many aspects of people’s lives Circadian rhythms are biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle Circadian rhythms are biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle Much of how people, animals, and plants function is governed by circadian rhythms The most studied circadian rhythm is the sleep – wake cycle

11. II. Sleep and Dreams Circadian Rhythms can be disrupted by several factors Circadian Rhythms can be disrupted by several factors Disruptions in sleep cycles can cause problems, such as accidents or fatigue from shift work and jet lag Disruptions in sleep cycles can cause problems, such as accidents or fatigue from shift work and jet lag Jet lag takes place when people fly for extended periods of time (ex: flight to Japan) Jet lag takes place when people fly for extended periods of time (ex: flight to Japan) CyberPsych, Sleep Shortage aka Catching up on Sleep Video CyberPsych, Sleep Shortage aka Catching up on Sleep Video CyberPsych, Sleep Shortage aka Catching up on Sleep Video CyberPsych, Sleep Shortage aka Catching up on Sleep Video

12. II. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep  are described in terms of brain wave patterns Stages of Sleep  are described in terms of brain wave patterns There are 5 stages of sleep There are 5 stages of sleep Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep Stage 4 is the deepest stage of sleep Stage 4 is the deepest stage of sleep

13. II. Sleep and Dreams REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) After about 30 minutes of stage 4 sleep, we return to stage 3, then stage 2, and then stage 1 sleep This process takes about 90 minutes After this, REM Sleep begins  beneath your eyelids, your eyes actually move around rapidly

14. II. Sleep and Dreams

15. Importance of sleep and dreams Importance of sleep and dreams People need sleep to revive the tired body and build up resistance to infection Sleep may help people recover from stress and consolidate memories REM sleep seems to help animals and people learn, remember, and retain information CyberPsych, Snooze You Can Use Video

16. II. Sleep and Dreams Dreams Dreams REM sleep is when we have the most vivid dreams People dream in color and in black and white People seem to dream in “real time” People do not always remember their dreams

17. II. Sleep and Dreams There are three theories that help describe why people dream There are three theories that help describe why people dream 1. The Psychoanalytical View  (wish- fulfillment theory) states that dreams are disguised symbols of desires This theory has received very little scientific support This theory has received very little scientific support

18. II. Sleep and Dreams 2. The Biological Perspective  (the activation-synthesis hypothesis) argues that dreams are unimportant “by-products” of random stimulation of brain cells 3.The Cognitive View  sees dreams as information processing (help us sort through everyday experiences)

19. II. Sleep and Dreams Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Supporter of the “wish-fulfillment theory” of dreaming Supporter of the “wish-fulfillment theory” of dreaming He stated that dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges He stated that dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges He also believed people dream in symbols as a way to deal with painful material they cannot otherwise deal with consciously

20. II. Sleep and Dreams Class Activity Class Activity Using one of the three theories described in the previous slides, You are going to analyze your own dreams Using one of the three theories described in the previous slides, You are going to analyze your own dreams If you cannot remember your dream from last night, you may a dream that you have every once in a while If you cannot remember your dream from last night, you may a dream that you have every once in a while There is a sheet to complete for this activity and this will count for 20 points There is a sheet to complete for this activity and this will count for 20 points

21. II. Sleep and Dreams Sleep Problems (Disorders)  Millions of people suffer from some sort of sleep disorder Sleep Problems (Disorders)  Millions of people suffer from some sort of sleep disorder Insomnia  inability to sleep Insomnia  inability to sleep The most common type of insomnia is difficulty in falling asleep Many psychologists believe that the best ways to overcome insomnia do not involve medication They recommend using relaxation techniques, establishing regular bedtimes, and using pleasant images to relax

22. II. Sleep and Dreams Nightmares and Night Terrors Nightmares and Night Terrors Nightmares are a product of REM sleep People who are anxious or depressed are more likely to have nightmares Night terrors are similar to nightmares but they are more severe Night terrors tend to occur during deep sleep

23. II. Sleep and Dreams Sleepwalking Sleepwalking Many children walk in their sleep Most children outgrow sleepwalking as they mature Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea is a breathing interruption that occurs during sleep About 10 million Americans have sleep apnea CyberPsych, Sleeping Yourself Sick Video

24. II. Sleep and Dreams Narcolepsy Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a rare sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep, no matter what time it is or where they are It is believed to be a genetic disorder of REM-sleep functioning CyberPsych, Sleep and Brain Chemistry Video

26. II. Sleep and Dreams Sleep Deprivation among teens is very common Sleep Deprivation among teens is very common Sleep deprivation can produce mental states of fatigue, drowsiness, and irritability Also, lack of sleep can contribute to physical symptoms such as weight gain, heart disease, and other symptoms and ailments These symptoms are common among adults as well as teens

27. II. Sleep and Dreams Studies show Studies show a link between lack of sleep and increased rates of diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke Most teenagers need about 9.2 hours of sleep per night Many high school students do not get those 9.2 hours of sleep per night CyberPsych, Teen Sleep Video CyberPsych, Teen Sleep Video CyberPsych, Teen Sleep Video CyberPsych, Teen Sleep Video

28. Review 1) On average how many hours of sleep do teenagers need per night? A12 A12 B5 B5 C7 C7 D9 D9 2) Sigmund Freud supported which theory of dream meaning? APsychoanalytical (wish fulfillment) APsychoanalytical (wish fulfillment) BBiological BBiological CCognitive CCognitive DHappy dream DHappy dream

29. III. Altered States of Consciousness Altered states of consciousness can be achieved while awake through biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis Altered states of consciousness can be achieved while awake through biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis There are many myths surrounding hypnosis There are many myths surrounding hypnosis Although there are controversies related to the use of hypnotism, hypnosis can be used to recall memories, reduce pain, and quit bad habits Although there are controversies related to the use of hypnotism, hypnosis can be used to recall memories, reduce pain, and quit bad habits

30. III. Altered States of Consciousness Meditation is one way to alter your state of consciousness Meditation is one way to alter your state of consciousness People use meditation to narrow their consciousness so that the stress of the outside world fades away People use meditation to narrow their consciousness so that the stress of the outside world fades away Evidence suggests that meditation can help people relax Evidence suggests that meditation can help people relax Studies have found that meditation is an effective way to lower blood pressure Studies have found that meditation is an effective way to lower blood pressure CyberPsych, Meditation Changes Brains Video CyberPsych, Meditation Changes Brains Video CyberPsych, Meditation Changes Brains Video CyberPsych, Meditation Changes Brains Video

31. III. Altered States of Consciousness Biofeedback is an another way to alter your state of consciousness Biofeedback is an another way to alter your state of consciousness Biofeedback is a system that provides, or “feeds back,” data about something that is happening in the body Biofeedback is a system that provides, or “feeds back,” data about something that is happening in the body People have used biofeedback to treat headaches and lower blood pressure People have used biofeedback to treat headaches and lower blood pressure Biofeedback has been used to treat ADHD Biofeedback has been used to treat ADHD

32. III. Altered States of Consciousness Hypnosis is one of the most controversial topics among psychologists today Hypnosis is one of the most controversial topics among psychologists today Hypnosis is a condition in which people appear to be highly suggestible and to behave as if they are in a trance Some psychologists believe that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness Others wonder whether hypnosis is truly an altered state of consciousness

33. III. Altered States of Consciousness History of Hypnosis History of Hypnosis Hypnosis dates back to the late 1700s with the work of Franz Mesmer Today doctors and psychologists use hypnosis in a variety of ways: as an anesthetic, to help reduce anxiety, manage pain, or overcome fears

34. III. Altered States of Consciousness Achieving Hypnosis Achieving Hypnosis Professional hypnotists may put people into a hypnotic trance by asking them to focus on something specific People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility

35. III. Altered States of Consciousness Explaining Hypnosis  By Sigmund Freud Explaining Hypnosis  By Sigmund Freud Hypnotized people put fantasy and impulse before fact and logic Hypnotized people put fantasy and impulse before fact and logic Therefore, they believe what the hypnotist tells them. Therefore, they believe what the hypnotist tells them. THE ROLE THEORY EXPLANATION  THE ROLE THEORY EXPLANATION  Hypnotized people are playing a part as if they are in a play Hypnotized people are playing a part as if they are in a play Unlike actors, however, hypnotized people may believe what they are doing is real Unlike actors, however, hypnotized people may believe what they are doing is real There is not one generally accepted explanation for hypnosis There is not one generally accepted explanation for hypnosis

37. III. Altered States of Consciousness Hypnosis is used in a variety of ways Hypnosis is used in a variety of ways Hypnosis and Memory Hypnosis and Memory Hypnosis is not a reliable approach to help people remember details of a crime Hypnosis is not a reliable approach to help people remember details of a crime Many psychologists argue that material recalled under hypnosis should not be used as testimony in trials Many psychologists argue that material recalled under hypnosis should not be used as testimony in trials

38. III. Altered States of Consciousness Hypnosis and Pain Prevention Hypnosis and Pain Prevention Hypnosis has been used to help people prevent pain Hypnosis has been used to help people prevent pain A similar effect can be achieved through relaxation techniques and breathing exercises A similar effect can be achieved through relaxation techniques and breathing exercises

39. III. Altered States of Consciousness Hypnosis and Quitting Bad Habits Hypnosis and Quitting Bad Habits Therapists may use posthypnotic suggestion to help people quit a bad habit Therapists may use posthypnotic suggestion to help people quit a bad habit In posthypnotic suggestion, the therapist gives instruction during the hypnosis that the patient is to carry out after the session has ended In posthypnotic suggestion, the therapist gives instruction during the hypnosis that the patient is to carry out after the session has ended

40. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are all drugs that can affect consciousness Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are all drugs that can affect consciousness Drug abuse can be dealt with by a number of available treatments Drug abuse can be dealt with by a number of available treatments Treatments for drug abuse include detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, and support groups Treatments for drug abuse include detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, and support groups

41. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Depressants  Drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system Depressants  Drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system Many drugs are addictive Many drugs are addictive Addiction to a drug means that after the person takes that drug for a while, the body craves it just to feel normal CyberPsych, TV Addiction Video

42. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Examples of Depressants Examples of Depressants Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol is the most widely used drug in the United States It causes intoxication, or drunkenness Regular consumption can lead to addiction CyberPsych, Teen Brains on Alcohol Video CyberPsych, Buzzed Brain Video

43. IV. Drugs and Consciousness

44. Depressants (cont) Depressants (cont) Narcotics Narcotics Addictive depressants used to relieve pain and induce sleep Many are derived from the opium poppy plant They include morphine and heroin

45. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Stimulants  increase activity of the nervous system Stimulants  increase activity of the nervous system Also known as uppers Also known as uppers Stimulants include nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine CyberPsych, Maternal Separation Video

46. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Examples of Stimulants Examples of Stimulants Nicotine Nicotine Nicotine is one of the most common stimulants It spurs release of adrenalin Regular use can lead to addiction Nicotine is found in tobacco Cigarette smoking is as addictive as heroin CyberPsych, Smoking and Fertility (Smoking and Pregnancy) Video CyberPsych, Smoking and Fertility (Smoking and Pregnancy) Video

47. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Stimulants (cont) Stimulants (cont) Amphetamines Amphetamines Amphetamines are stimulants often used for staying awake or reducing appetite They can cause hallucinations, perceptions that seem to be real but are not, and delusions, false ideas that seem real One extremely addictive form is methamphetamine

48. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant It raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and decreases supply of oxygen It raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and decreases supply of oxygen Use of cocaine can sometimes cause death Use of cocaine can sometimes cause death One very harmful form is known as crack One very harmful form is known as crack

49. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Hallucinogens  drugs that produce hallucinations Hallucinogens  drugs that produce hallucinations Marijuana Marijuana Produced from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant May produce feelings of relaxation and mild hallucinations Impairs perception, coordination, memory, and learning Can have severe effects on consciousness

50. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Hallucinogens (cont) Hallucinogens (cont) LSD LSD Can produce intense hallucinations Sometimes called acid Can cause injury or suicide Side effects include memory loss, violent outbursts, nightmares, and panic

52. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Treatments for Drug Abuse Treatments for Drug Abuse There are various treatments depending on the drug someone is addicted to There are various treatments depending on the drug someone is addicted to Example: Detoxification Example: Detoxification Harmful substances are removed from the body Harmful substances are removed from the body Most commonly used with alcohol and narcotic addiction Most commonly used with alcohol and narcotic addiction

53. IV. Drugs and Consciousness Other treatments may not be as intense Other treatments may not be as intense Other treatments include: Other treatments include: Maintenance programs  Controlled amounts of drug given to participants Maintenance programs  Controlled amounts of drug given to participants Counseling  Group or individual sessions Counseling  Group or individual sessions Support groups  People with similar problems comparing experiences Support groups  People with similar problems comparing experiences

54. Review 1) All of the following are considered depressants except? AAlcohol AAlcohol BCocaine BCocaine CMorphine CMorphine DHeroin DHeroin 2) Which treatment for drug abuse is most commonly used with alcohol and narcotic addiction? ACounseling ACounseling BDetoxification BDetoxification CMaintenance Groups CMaintenance Groups DSupport Groups DSupport Groups