1. Study of the Atmosphere Meteorology

2. Before the Bell  Take out the webquest  In your notes answer the many questions: 1. What is air pressure 2. What is atmosphere? 3. What is meteorology? 4. Why is the sky blue? 5. Why is the sky red at sunset? 6. What is wind? How is it created? 7. What are the layers of the atmosphere? 8. What happens to temp as you go up through each layer 9. Then write a meteorology term on the board

3. What is the Atmosphere?  Layers of gasses/tiny particles that surround Earth.

5. Atmosphere Video  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6PSbU l_68k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6PSbU l_68k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6PSbU l_68k

6. What is Meteorology?  Study of the Atmosphere (Ex- Why is sky red?)

7. What is Weather?  Condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place  Temperature, air movements, moisture

8. What is in Air? Atmospheric Composition (pie chart)

9. Air Pressure Definition  Force of air on the surface of the earth  Can look at it 2 ways: AP = (# of air molecules) / (Area) AP = (# of air molecules) / (Area) AP = (# of collisions) / (Area) AP = (# of collisions) / (Area)  What does air pressure look like (click here) click hereclick here  What happened to this bottle?

10. How can we show Air Pressure changes in real life?  Everest Beyond the Limit S1E6…the death of mountaineer David Sharp…and the realities of the Death Zone (I have on Amazon).  What does this clip have to do with air pressure and air composition? Write down your response.

11. What are 3 Ways to Change Air Pressure?  Lets look at this simulation to see if we can come up with an answer… (click here) click hereclick here  3 Ways: Change Volume Change Volume Change # of molecules Change # of molecules Change Temperature Change Temperature

12. While I check your webquest…Answer these in your notes WITHOUT help! 1. What is air pressure? What are the 3 ways you can change air pressure? 2. Why do you get “less” oxygen on top of a mountain even though there is the same % here @ sealevel? 3. What separates the layers of the atmosphere? 4. What is convection? 5. What is the greenhouse effect? Explain fully! 6. What is ozone and what function does it serve? 7. What is weather? 8. List 5 things you could study as a meteorologist

13. What is a Barometer Do? Barometer- Measures atmospheric pressure.

14. Mercurial Barometer- Looking at this picture, tell me how it works!  “Mercurial” comes from the fact that many used mercury as the liquid in the barometer  Air pressure pushes on liquid and squeezes it up a certain height (giving pressure)

15. Aneroid Barometer - How does this thing work?

16. What Determines Atmospheric Layers?  Layers in sky based on different temperature (Usually defined by altitude).  There is not an exact change on a line between each layer, but more of a gradual shift.

17. Troposphere  Closest to Earth, where all weather occurs  Temperature drops by about 6.5 o C/km due to increase distance from heat absorbed by earth.  Top of this layer is Tropopause, where temp is constant

18. Stratosphere  Goes from top of troposphere to about 50 km.  Most of the Ozone (0 3 ) is here.  Temp increases due to absorption of sunlight by O 3 molecules.  Top is Stratopause where temp is constant

19. Mesosphere  Goes from top of Stratosphere to about 80km.  Temp starts to decrease again and this is the coldest layer (up to -90 o C).  Top is Mesopause Meteor Shower Time Lapse Video

20. Thermosphere  Top of Mesosphere to exosphere (550km)  Increase b/c N and O atoms absorb solar energy (like the O 3 in the Stratosphere)  Temp as much as 2000 o C

21. Ionosphere (in Thermosphere)  80-550 km  Solar rays strike atoms in the layer, striping electrons causing them to become ions

23. Northern Lights  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O- wAYKBBSc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O- wAYKBBSc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O- wAYKBBSc  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5O- wAYKBBSc

24. What is the Exosphere?  550km-outer space (more than 1000km)

25. What is Solar Energy?  All of the waves of energy that come from the sun (everything form EM Spectrum)

26. Electromagnetic Spectrum

27. Visible Wavelengths

28. What are the 4 things light can do…  When passing through the atmosphere?

29. What is Reflection vs Scattering vs Absorption?

30. HW  Why does the sky sometimes appear blue, othertimes red, and sometimes white?  Explain Each…

31. What is Scattering? The shorter the wavelength, the more likely it is to be scattered. Longer wavelengths pass through more easily.

33. Why is sky Red during sunset?  Annimation Annimation  Youtube Video Youtube Video Youtube Video

34. Why does the sky appear white sometimes?  A lot of moisture in atmosphere will cause all particles to scatter, or if there is no cloud cover and if the sun is overhead, the sun will look whitish because all visible light passes to your eye.  But don’t look directly at the sun!

35. In your notes…  Do your Weather Chart…then…  Describe what could happen to energy waves as they travel to earth (many things). List at least 5 scenarios.  NOW in 3 mins!  Thanks!

36. Absorption  Any solar energy that is NOT reflected is absorbed.

37. All Energy Reaching Earth  Energy that reaches Earth is either reflected or absorbed  How much is reflected or absorbed depends on surface  The fraction that is reflected is called albedo `

38. What is Albedo?  This determines the level of reflectivity of a substance.  The higher the Albedo number, the more reflective a substance is.  Examples: Snow albedo = 95 (95% reflected, 5% absorbed) Snow albedo = 95 (95% reflected, 5% absorbed) Forest albedo = 10 (10% reflected, 90% aborbed) Forest albedo = 10 (10% reflected, 90% aborbed) Grass albedo = 26 (26% reflected, 74% aborbed) Grass albedo = 26 (26% reflected, 74% aborbed)

40. Other Reasons Temp Varies Throughout the Planet  Latitude (hottest on the equator due to more direct sunlight)

41. Other Reasons Temp Varies Throughout the Planet  Altitude (Colder at higher elevations due to less moisture and air molecules to absorb heat)

42. Other Reasons Temp Varies Throughout the Planet  Bodies of Water (Water abosorbs heat well and therefore areas around water have more moderate temperature ranges)

43. Get out your Global Warming Article and as I check it, answer these questions in your notes…  Why are there different temperatures on Earth? (3 reasons)  What is the greenhouse effect? How does it work?  List the top 3 greenhouse gases…  What is the electromagnetic spectrum? How is it arranged?  What is Albedo? What do the levels represent?  Why is sky blue during day, red at sunset?  What is Global Warming?

44. What is the Greenhouse Effect?  Trapping of infrared heat by gas molecules reflecting infrared heat in the atmosphere back to earth.  These infrared rays are reflected back to earth where the warm earth’s surface again.

45. Why is some energy reflected back?

46. So how does this relate to Global Warming?

47. 3 Views on Global Warming due to increase in greenhouse effect.  Nat Geo Nat Geo Nat Geo  Donald Trump (conservative) Donald Trump Donald Trump  John Oliver’s Take (liberal) John Oliver’s Take John Oliver’s Take  Past President of the United States Past President of the United States Past President of the United States

48. Explain the following scenario to help understand how heat is transferred…  Grab the metal pole on your desk, touch your desk top, and “feel” the temperature of the air around you. List them from coldest to warmest in temperature…explain why they are in this order.  What does this have to do with temp transfer?

49. 3 Ways Heat Moves

50. Conduction: Heat transfer by direct contact (most efficient)

51. Convection: heat transfer by air current (or liquid)

52. Radiation: heat transfer by energy traveling as electromagnetic wave (least efficient)

53. In your notes make a prediction.  What will happen if you hold a balloon of Air and a balloon of water over a flame?  WHY!

54. Let’s Try a Demonstration!  Why does one balloon pop in the flame and the other does not? Explain in scientific terms!

55. Answer these to help with understanding wind… 1. If you blow up a balloon and let the air out…let go…what happens? WHY! 2. Where on Earth would there be rising air? Why? 3. What would the conditions be like in that area? 4. What would happen to that air eventually? Why? 5. What would the conditions be like in that area?

56. So then what is wind?

57. Let’s discuss to air phenomenon…  What is wind  Land/Sea Breeze  Mountain/Valley Breeze  Inversions

60. Inversion  Polluted air is trapped below by warmer air above, so it can’t rise.

62. Answer these questions to get you ready to understand Global Winds… 1. If you were in a traincar traveling parallel to another train at the same speed and tried to jump directly (90degrees) across into another train car directly across…what would happen? Why? 2. Same scenario, but the traincar you are in is moving faster…what would happen if you jumped directly across the moment you passed the other car? 3. Same scenario, but the traincar you are in is moving slower…what would happen? 4. Where can you stand on Earth and be moving the fastest?

64. But of course it is not that simple… What is wrong with this diagram…list at least 5 things…and explain each one (meaning why is it happening) What is wrong with this diagram…list at least 5 things…and explain each one (meaning why is it happening)

66. But WHY are all the wind patterns curved and not straight?  Coriolis Effect…

67. Let’s see what you know?  Turn to a blank page in your notes…

68. Where could this sunset be and why is it not red?

69. Label Conduction, Radiation, Convection

70. What types of energy is blocked by the ozone layer?

71.  What is the greenhouse effect (diagram/label it)? Explain yourself please…  What is global warming? How is it different from the greenhouse effect?

72. How does Conduction Work? Be very specific and diagram/label it!

73. How does Convection work? Be very specific, diagram/label it!

74. What is air pressure? How do we change it in a closed system?

75. Wind questions…  Where does wind come from?  Why is there a low pressure system on (close to) the equator?  Why don’t the winds just blow north to south in the N. Hemisphere and south to north in the S. Hemisphere?

76. Answer this…  Explain why if you were in a ship 5 miles north of me and I aimed a cannon directly at your boat and I shot a cannon ball at you, it would be unlikely I would hit you without altering my cannon direction?

77. Where does the jet stream get its name and why is it called that?

78. How does a land and sea breeze work? If a westerly wind is better for surfing, when is usually the best time of day to surf in NJ?

79. Think about it???  If you were sailing in the ocean what two areas (Degrees and names needed!) would you not want to be stuck? Especially if you were a horse on a boat?