1. Types of RAM (Random Access Memory) Information Technology

2. What is RAM Memory? RAM typically resides on Memory Modules RAM typically resides on Memory Modules A RAM Memory chip is an integrated circuit made of millions of Transistors and Capacitors A RAM Memory chip is an integrated circuit made of millions of Transistors and Capacitors Most RAM is Volatile (loses electrical charge when power goes off) Most RAM is Volatile (loses electrical charge when power goes off) There are various types of RAM (DRAM, SRAM, VRAM) There are various types of RAM (DRAM, SRAM, VRAM) Virtual Memory (An extension of RAM on the hard drive) Virtual Memory (An extension of RAM on the hard drive)

3. Typically RAM chips reside on memory modules. Four main types exist. SIMMs SIMMs DIMMs DIMMs SODIMMs SODIMMs RIMMs RIMMs

4. SIMMs Single Inline Memory Module Single Inline Memory Module Pins on opposite sides form a single set of contacts Pins on opposite sides form a single set of contacts

5. DIMMs Dual Inline Memory Module Dual Inline Memory Module 168 Pins on opposite sides of the circuit board form separate connections 168 Pins on opposite sides of the circuit board form separate connections

6. SODIMMs Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module A much smaller form of memory A much smaller form of memory Used in Notebook computers and Apple iMac desktops Used in Notebook computers and Apple iMac desktops

7. RIMMs RAMbus Inline Memory Module RDRAM RAMbus Inline Memory Module RDRAM Comparable in size and pin configuration to DIMM but uses a special memory bus to greatly increase speed. Comparable in size and pin configuration to DIMM but uses a special memory bus to greatly increase speed.

8. How does RAM store information? -Address lines -Address lines-Transistors -Data lines -Capacitors

9. Most RAM must be recharged constantly Volatile Memory losses contents when power is removed Volatile Memory losses contents when power is removed

10. Some RAM types use Parity Checking Even Parity Checking, parity bit is set to “0“ when byte is even. Even Parity Checking, parity bit is set to “0“ when byte is even. 001001000 9 th bit is parity bit 0 001001000 9 th bit is parity bit 0 Odd Parity Checking, parity bit is set to "1" when byte is even. Odd Parity Checking, parity bit is set to "1" when byte is even. 111001111 9 th bit is parity bit of 1 111001111 9 th bit is parity bit of 1

11. Error Control High-end servers often have a form of error-checking known as error correction code (ECC). High-end servers often have a form of error-checking known as error correction code (ECC). Bits can be corrected after failure, however, if more than one bit is corrupted the entire byte of data is lost. Bits can be corrected after failure, however, if more than one bit is corrupted the entire byte of data is lost.

12. RAM Types What are some different types of Random Access Memory ?

13. Types of Dynamic RAM (DRAM) SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM Synchronized to the system clock Synchronized to the system clock DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) Transfer data twice for each clock cycle Transfer data twice for each clock cycle Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) Faster than SDRAM chips because they use pipelining techniques Faster than SDRAM chips because they use pipelining techniques

14. Types of Dynamic RAM Stores 1’s and 0’s on capacitors Stores 1’s and 0’s on capacitors Must be recharged every millisecond, or every one thousandth of a second Must be recharged every millisecond, or every one thousandth of a second Many different types exist (previous slide) Many different types exist (previous slide)

15. Fast Page Mode DRAM First form of DRAM First form of DRAM Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 176 megabytes per second. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 176 megabytes per second.

16. EDO DRAM EDO = Extended Data Out EDO = Extended Data Out Resides on SIMMs Resides on SIMMs Sends and receives data simultaneously Sends and receives data simultaneously Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 264 megabytes per second. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 264 megabytes per second.

17. Synchronous DRAM Resides on DIMMs Resides on DIMMs Faster than previous DRAM because it is synchronized with the system clock Faster than previous DRAM because it is synchronized with the system clock Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 528 megabytes per second. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 528 megabytes per second. Most common choice of Pentiums until recently Most common choice of Pentiums until recently

18. Double Data-rate SDRAM Resides on DIMMs Resides on DIMMs Also known as SDRAM II Also known as SDRAM II Faster than SDRAM because it transfers data twice for each clock cycle Faster than SDRAM because it transfers data twice for each clock cycle Commonly used in PCs Commonly used in PCs

19. RAMbus DRAM Resides on RIMMs Resides on RIMMs Uses a pipelining technique to increase speed Uses a pipelining technique to increase speed RDRAM memory chips work in parallel to achieve a data rate of 800+ MHz. RDRAM memory chips work in parallel to achieve a data rate of 800+ MHz.

20. DRDRAM Direct Rambus DRAM by Rambus, Inc. Direct Rambus DRAM by Rambus, Inc. Often called PC800 RAM (doubling the Pentium 4 chip’s 400 MHz bus speed) Often called PC800 RAM (doubling the Pentium 4 chip’s 400 MHz bus speed) Like DDR SDRAM, it transfers data on the rising & falling edges of the clock cycle Like DDR SDRAM, it transfers data on the rising & falling edges of the clock cycle Uses 2 data channels to improve transfer rates Uses 2 data channels to improve transfer rates

21. Static RAM Often used for Cache Memory Often used for Cache Memory Very fast and reliable because these chips do not have to be recharged as often as DRAM chips hence the term “static” Very fast and reliable because these chips do not have to be recharged as often as DRAM chips hence the term “static” SRAM chips: more expensive than DRAM SRAM chips: more expensive than DRAM

22. Static RAM Cache Memory (Static RAM) helps speed up the microprocessor. Cache Memory (Static RAM) helps speed up the microprocessor. Cache Memory stores frequently used data and instructions. Cache Memory stores frequently used data and instructions.

23. Static RAM Personal Computers have 2 and perhaps 3 types of cache memory: Personal Computers have 2 and perhaps 3 types of cache memory: L1 (Level 1) Cache (8KB to 128KB) L1 (Level 1) Cache (8KB to 128KB) L2 (Level 2) Cache (64KB to 4MB) L2 (Level 2) Cache (64KB to 4MB) L2 Advanced Transfer Cache on current microprocessors (built on the chip) L2 Advanced Transfer Cache on current microprocessors (built on the chip)

24. Static RAM L3 (Level 3) Cache is cache separate from the microprocessor chip and is on the motherboard. L3 (Level 3) Cache is cache separate from the microprocessor chip and is on the motherboard. L3 Cache exists only on computers that use the L2 Advanced Transfer Cache. L3 Cache exists only on computers that use the L2 Advanced Transfer Cache.

25. Static RAM A computer with L2 cache usually performs at speeds 10 to 40 percent faster than those without cache. A computer with L2 cache usually performs at speeds 10 to 40 percent faster than those without cache. Servers and workstations can have at least 2MB of L2 or L3 cache. Servers and workstations can have at least 2MB of L2 or L3 cache.

26. SGRAM Synchronous Graphics RAM SGRAM is a variant of SDRAM SGRAM is a variant of SDRAM SGRAM makes use of block-writes to increase video processing speeds. SGRAM makes use of block-writes to increase video processing speeds. SGRAM is single-ported so the CPU cannot write to it at the same time the image is being refreshed. SGRAM is single-ported so the CPU cannot write to it at the same time the image is being refreshed. SGRAM is used in high-end graphics cards SGRAM is used in high-end graphics cards

27. How much RAM do you need? What OS are you running ? What OS are you running ? What applications do you run? What applications do you run? Computer animation and graphics? Computer animation and graphics? Several functions? Several functions? Win 2000/XP – 128MB Win 2000/XP – 128MB Win 95/98 – 64 MB Win 95/98 – 64 MB Linux – 64 MB Linux – 64 MB Mac OS – 128 MB Mac OS – 128 MB

28. Virtual Memory Virtual memory takes the place of RAM memory Virtual memory takes the place of RAM memory You should have a 2:1 ratio of RAM to Virtual Memory You should have a 2:1 ratio of RAM to Virtual Memory

29. Modifying Virtual Memory in Windows

30. Modifying Virtual Memory in Windows 2000

31. End of RAM presentation