1. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Craniata (Vertebrata)

2. Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) Increase in brain size & sensory apparati Derivation of neural crest Enclosure of anterior neural tube in cartilage/bone (neural crest derivative) Subsequent derivation of cartilaginous vertebrae, bony jaws & cranium Ossification of skeleton & derivation of appendicular skeleton Two superclasses –Agnatha – without jaws –Gnathostomata – mouth with jaws

3. Cranium Formation

4. Vertebrae

5. Pharyngeal Slits: From Feeding to Respiration

6. Elaboration of Sensory Systems

7. Subphylum (group) superclass Vertebrate Cladistics superclass

8. Phish Phylogeny

9. Class Myxini - Hagfish

10. Hagfish Feeding

11. Class Petromyzontida Lamprey

12. Ammocoete Larvae of Lamprey Filter feeders using pharyngeal slits

13. Lamprey Feeding

14. Lamprey Wound

15. The terrifying development from the terrifying pharyngeal pouches

16. Development of Jaws

17. superclass class

18. Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous Fish

19. Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii sharks & skates & rays Skates –Fleshy tail, 2 dorsal fins, sometimes caudal fin –Lay egg case (mermaid’s purse) Rays –Narrow tail without fins, with spines

20. Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii Caudal fin

21. Unique Sensory Structures

22. Chondrichthyes Anatomy Rostrum

23. Subclass Holocephali – Chimeras

24. Chondrichthyes Reproduction Internal fertilization –Males have claspers between pelvic fins Reproductive modes –Oviparous Fertilized egg is laid –Ovoviviparous Egg develops within female and living young are born No placenta or placental structures –Viviparous Embryos develop within female and living young are born Some placenta-like structures of maternal origin

25. Group Osteichthyes – bony fish Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish –subclass Neopterygia –subclass Chondrostei Class Sarcopterygii – fleshy-finned fish flying fish grouper seahorse coelacanthe lungfish

26. Fish Scales

27. General Body Form

28. Teleost Anatomy

29. Fish Tales? & chondrostean actinopterygii sarcopterygian osteichthyes Neopterygian actinopterygii

30. Primitive Bony Fish – Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei Nonteleost bony fish –Heterocercal tail –Ganoid scales –Lungs Gar

31. Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Neopterygia Teleost –Swim bladder –Two dorsal fins –Homocercal tail Bass Tuna Walleye Salmon

32. Class Sarcopterygii – Lungfish & Coelocanth

33. Buoyancy

34. Respiration

35. Osmotic Regulation

36. Evolutionary Lung Forms

37. Weird Fish Structures

38. Life Cycle of Salmonids Anadromous life cycle

39. Class Amphibia The Tetrapods

41. Tiktaalik

42. Moving Ashore

43. Transitional Forms

44. New Intermediates

45. Tiktaalik

46. Early Land Tetrapods

47. Evolutionary Lung Forms

48. Changes in Lung Anatomy In Tetrapods

49. Amphibian Respiration

50. Changes in Vertebrate Circulatory Systems

51. Amphibian Heart Anatomy

52. General Amphibian Traits Tetrapods 3-5 digits on forelimb (most 4) 5 digits on hind limb No dermal scales Glandular epidermis Most with indirect development, some with tadpole larvae Gills as larvae/juveniles, lungs present but may degenerate, some with dermal respiration

53. Order Gymnophiona ~160 species Legless Burrowing or aquatic Tropical Internal fertilization Oviparous & viviparous species Direct development in most

54. Order Gymnophiona (Apoda) Caecilians

55. Order Caudata (Urodela) AKA Salamanders Have a tail Divergence in respiratory mechanisms Paedomorphosis prevalent Internal fertilization

56. Salamander/Newt Lifecycle

57. Some Urodeles Necturus maculosus Giant Japanese Salamander Southern dusky salamander Ambystom a mexicanum (Axolotl)

58. Order Anura Frogs & Toads No tail External fertilization Indirect development in most

59. Frog or Toad? Frogs –Associated with more aquatic habitats Toads –Thicker skins –Dryer habitats

60. Her Royal Highness Xenopus laevis Developmental model system

61. Typical Anuran Lifecycle

62. Really Weird Surinam Toad

64. Local Species Rana catesbeiana Rana pipiens Bufo woodhousii Bufo speciosus Acris crepitans Pseudacris clarki

65. Class Reptilia

66. Traditional Taxonomy Class Reptilia –Order Testudines – turtles, terrapins, tortoises –Order Crocodilia – crocs & gators –Order Squamata – snakes & lizards –Order Sphenodonta – tuatara

67. Fig. 26.1

68. Testudines

69. Some Early Reptilians

70. General Reptile Traits Reproduction –Amniotic eggs with shell –Internal fertilization –Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (few) –Direct development Epidermal scales & claws 5 digits on each limb Thoracic ribs (except turtles)

71. Temperature Regulation Cold-blooded vs warm-blooded Poikilothermy vs homeothermy Ectothermy vs Endothermy

72. Shelled Egg

73. Epidermal Scales

74. Order Testudines

78. Sex Determination in Turtles & Crocodilians Turtles –Males develop at low temps –Females develop at higher temps Crocodilians –Males develop at higher temps –Females develop at lower temps

79. Order Crocodilia

80. Crocodilians Alligotor mississippiensis American alligator Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile Gavialis gangeticus Indian gharial (gavial) Crocodylus acutus American crocodile

81. Crocodilian Features

82. Order Squamata Shed their epidermal scales with growth

83. Amphisbaenia - Family Amphisbaenidae Legless lizards

84. Gekkos – Gekkota

85. Iguanas – Iguania

86. Chameleons

87. Crotaphytus collaris

88. Snake Families Viperidae –Vipers –Sheathed fangs at front of mouth Elapidae –Short, immovable fangs at front of mouth Colubridae –Rear fanged (or no fangs) –Mostly non-poisonous Hydrophiidae –Sea snakes –Extremely poisonous Boidae –Constrictors –Many retain vestigial pelvic structures

89. Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes Viperidae Copper head Cotton mouth or water moccasin Rattlesnake

90. Snake Venoms Neurotoxins –Paralysis –Blindness Hemorrhagins –Digest tissues –Prevent clotting Fasciotomy

91. Viperidae

92. Pit Organs of Pit Vipers Family Viperidae Subfamily Crotalidae

93. Non Venomous Snakes - Colubridae Bull snake - Pituophis catenifer sayi

94. Non Venomous Colubridae Nerodia rhombifer Nerodia erythrogaster

95. Non venomous Colubridae Corn snake – Pantherophis guttatus Coachwhip– Masticophis flagellum Garter snake Thamnophis spp T. elegans

96. Elapidae Coral snake or King snake Red on yellow, kill a fellow Red on black, friend to jack

97. Elapids

98. Class Aves

99. Archaeopteryx 150 MYA

100. Archaeopteryx Skeleton

101. Avian Skeleton

104. Major Bird Groups Paleognathae –Mostly flightless –Usually ratite sternum (flat) Neognathae –Mostly flying birds with carinate sternum (keeled)

105. Is It A Bird? Wings Feathers Beak Oviparous

106. Placode Specification

107. Placode Growth

108. Barb & Barbule Development Down feather development Pennacous feather development

109. Mature Feather Pennaceous Plumulaceous

110. Feathers or Scales Inhibition of BMP4 signaling in chick hindlimb causes dorsal scales (scutes) to develop as feathers and prevents apoptosis of interdigit webbing

111. Does a Chicken have Lips? Figure 1 A "hen's tooth" formed by the combination of chick pharyngeal (presumptive jaw) ectoderm and mouse molar mesenchyme. (From Kollar and Fisher, 1980; courtesy of E. J. Kollar.)

112. Parts are Parts McNuggets

113. Adaptations for Flight

114. Respiration Syrinx

115. Unique Pulmonary Structures

116. Bird Brained Olfactory bulb

117. A Bird's Eye View Optic nerve

118. Reproductive System

119. Bird Feet

120. Beaks

121. Wing Forms

122. Migration

123. Navigation Birds can sense Earth’s magnetic field Orient relative to field Calibration of internal compass –Twilight cues –Nocturnal celestial cues –Daylight cues

124. Parenting

125. Juvenile Forms

126. California Condor 22 wild birds – last remnant population captured in 1987 bred in captivity at San Diego Zoo – now 210 birds in breeding populations in the wild Gymnogyps californianus

127. Andean Condor Vultur gryphus Largest flying bird wingspan + weight

128. Largest Wingspan Bird Albatross – 11ft wing-span

129. Largest Bird

130. Smallest Flying Bird Mellisuga helenae Bee hummingbird

131. Class Mammalia

134. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia –Subclass Prototheria –Order Monotremata duckbilled platypus spiny echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus long beaked echidna Zaglosssus bruijni Ornithorhynchus anitinus

135. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia –Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria –Order Marsupialia Koala Possum Kangaroo Tazmanian Devil Didelphis virginiana

136. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia –Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria –Order Rodentia –Order Chiroptera –Order Insectavora –Order Carnivora –Order Primates –Order Artiodactyla –Order Lagomorpha –Order Cetacea –Order Perissodactyla –Order Sirenia –Order Proboscidea Order Tubulidentata Order Xenartha Order Pholidota Pangolin Order Hyracoidea Hyrax

137. Mammalian Integument & Glands Sebaceous Sweat Scent Mammary

138. Mammary Glands

139. Fur Pelage –Underhair –Guard hairs 1 or 2 molts/yr

140. Horns

141. Antlers

142. Mammal Skull

143. Formation of a Hard Palate

144. Skull Diversification

145. Dentition 2 sets –Milk teeth (deciduous) –Permanent teeth Rodents & lagomorphs –Teeth continuously grow

146. Carnivore Digestive Tracts

147. Herbivore Digestive Tracts

148. Migratory Land Mammals

149. Migratory Sea Mammals

150. Sonar

151. Mammalian Reproduction Modes Prototherians (monotremes) –Oviparous –Hatchlings mature in pouch and suckle from mammary gland Metatherians (marsupials) –Viviparous –Very immature young mature in pouch and suckle from mammary gland Eutherian (placentals) –Viviparous –Precocial & altricial young –Suckle young

152. Reproductive Cycles Estrous cycle –Time of ovulation following a peak in estrogen production (estrus) –Monestrous 1 ovulation period per year –Polyestrous Multiple ovulation periods per year Menstrual cycle –Estrus followed by menstruation –Shedding of uterine lining –Only in apes & old world monkeys

153. Marsupial Reproductive Cycles

154. Gestational & Lactational Differences between Marsupials & Mammals

155. Gestation Periods Large mammals (herbivores) –Longer gestations –Precocial newborns Small insectivores, rodents, carnivores –Shorter gestations –Altricial newborns Sightless Hairless

156. Order Monotremata Monotreme = 1 hole – they have a cloacal opening Eggs –Platypus Lay 1-3 eggs, hold them between tail and body ~25-30 days in reproductive tract, 10-12 days external incubation Nurse young 3-4 months –Echidna lay 1 egg into a pouch on ventral body Carry young in pouch ~50-55 days until spines develop Ornithorhynchus anatinus – platypus Tachyglossus aculeatus – short beaked echidna Zaglossus attenboroughi – long beaked echidna Z. bartoni Z. bruijni

157. Domestication

158. Families of Order Primates prosimian simian

159. Prosimian Primates Lemur Loris

160. Family Hominidae

161. Human Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens

162. Phylogeny of Primates

163. Lucy