1. ALLERGENS IMPACT ON HUMAN

2.  System of biological mechanisms to reserve the constancy of organism internal environment by which the organism recognizes and destroys everything genetically alien, no matter it gets outside (disease causing microbe) or arises in it (mutated cell).  In the past the term «immunity» belonged only to the reactions directed against microorganisms. Now it is applies to refer the organism reactions on any alien substances – antigens. Immunity (lat. immunitas — liberation, deliverance)

3. Antigens haptens and semi-haptens; autoimmune antigens

6. Influenza virus

8. T-lymphocytes (T-cells) B-lymphocytes (B-cells) Bursa of Fabrisius

11. Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

13. Complement is complex of blood proteins The complement system consists of more than 9 proteins that are inactive enzymes up to a certain time Recognition of the antigen- antibody complex leads to the activation of the first complement component which then activates the subsequent protein And then all of the proteins of the complement system consistently activate each other

14. There are several types of T-lymphocytes: T-killers T-suppressor T-helpers T-regulators lymphokins

15. T-lymphocyte

16. CELLS TOOK PART IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE MUTUAL CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE CELLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALLERGIC REACTIONS

17. Allergy (from the Greek αλλεργία — reaction to the alien)  is inappropriate and excessive immune response that occurs in violation of coordination between immune cells and can lead to tissue damage or death of the whole organism.  Allergens are antigens that the penetration into an organism cause development not usual immune but allergic reaction.

18. The term «allergy» was entered by Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet in 1906 Clemens von Pirquet, the author of famous tuberculin test, noticed that some of his patients observed symptoms could be caused by certain substances from the environment such as dust, pollen or certain foods.

19. History of disease  Strange reaction of some people to the eaten products was described by Hippocrates, and the smell of roses — Claudius Galenus.  The reason for the first scientific research in this field was a report of the English physician John Bostock has made in 1819 at a meeting of the London Medical and Surgical Society. Bostock by own example described and analysed the disease which he called «hay fever». In his opinion, it was caused by the smell of hay and was accompanied by periodically repeating of coughing spell and runny nose.  The next step in the study of this disease was made by Russian doctor Laurus Silichev, who observed these patiens for several years. In 1889 at the meeting of the Society of Russian Physicians Silich outlined theory proves that except a smell of a slanted grass negative reactions can also cause wind-blown pollen which is formed during the flowering of grasses and some trees.  17 years later von Pirquet allocated a separate line of medicine – Allergologia.

20. The most widespread allergic diseases:  Allergic rhinitis — it is a seasonal, arising during the flowering plants, and a year-round, in response to domestic allergens. It is characterized by nasal blockage, running nose, eye irritation, lacrimation.  Bronchial asthma — is chronic illness of respiratory tract accompanied by paroxysmal cough and asthma attack.  Urticaria — with urticaria on the skin appear wheals similar to burns from the nettle.  Quincke’s edema — it is characterized by sudden appearance of cutaneous edema, hypoderm and mucus membranes. Edema usually affects the lips, cheeks, eyelids, genitals. When Quincke’s edema occurs in the larynx suffocation.  Anaphylactic shock — its characteristic symptoms are the sudden onset of intense itching followed by respiratory affection and sudden drop of arterial tension.

21. Stages of allergic reactions:  Sensibilisation stage – sensitizing to any allergen- substance.  Permission stage – arising on re-entering the allergen in already sensitized organism.  Desensitization stage – return to normal immune sensitivity.

22. Immediate hyperresponsiveness  Bronchial asthma and utricaria belong to immediate hyperresponsiveness.  Hypersensibility to allergen develops a few seconds later (rare hours) after its re-entry into sensitized organism.  Major role in the development of immediate hyperresponsiveness play B-lympocytes and they produce antibodies (first E-class).

23. thrombotonin, histamine, acetylcholine

27. Delayed hyperresponsiveness  Delayed hyperresponsiveness includes, for example, contact allergy and transplant rejection reaction.  Hyperresponsiveness to the allergen develops a few days after his re-entry into sensitized organism.  Major role in the development of delayed hyperresponsiveness play T-lymphocytes and they produce lymphokines.

28. contact allergy

29.  Domestic (house and library dust)  Major allergic components: cellulose, organic particles of mites and minces Allergens: Mites of Acarida - tiny arthropods with a body diameter of about 0,3 mm whose chitinous shell — one of the major allergens from house dust

30.  Epidermal  wool, fiber, feather, dandruff, excrement, pets saliva  cats, dogs, guiney pigs, humsters, birds, rabbits, hprses, sheeps and others Allergens:

31.  Pollen  Pollen of different plants, most cereals, weeds and trees Allergens: Pollen of plants. Sight under the electron microscope.

32. Pollen allergy (pollen - пыльца) Old name «hay fever» - allergy to hay

33. Pollen grains that contain the largest number of allergic proteins CerealTreesUndesirable plants Herd grassBirchRagweed FescueMapleDandelion CocksfootAlderRibwort Meadow foxtailFilbertDock WheatBeechNettle OatsElm treeSolidago RyeWillowOrach WeedPoplarWormwood Quick grassAshtreeAmaranth

34. Pollen map of USA

35.  Chemical  Paint and coatings, cleaners, detergents, solvents, cosmetics, some metals (aluminum, copper, brass, nickel, chrome) Allergens: More than 100 000 different chemicals have allergic properties

36.  Medicine  antibiotics, vaccines, hormones, analgesics Allergens: Allergens can be any drugs including antiallergics

37.  Food  albumen, fish, milk, chocolate, nuts, berries and fruits with orange pigment Allergens: Simply cutting kiwi fruit can cause in susceptible individuals allergic reaction

38.  Pseudoallergy is not immune reaction, although on the surface may appear as a true allergy Pseudoallergy Chocolate, citrus fruits, red wine, canned tuna and mackerel contain histamine.

39.  Insect  Bites of wasps, bees, hornets, spiders and other stinging and biting insects Allergens: The worst negative variant of allergic reaction development resulting in about 10-20% of the lethal. Anaphylactic shock

40.  Infectious  Activators of tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis Allergens: Intradermal allergy test for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. A positive skin reaction shows that under study patient had contact with TB gems. Mantoux test

41.  Endoallergeny  light  cold Allergens: Endoallergeny arise in the organism by the action of damaging environmental factors with the formation of allergen complex from normal molecules of own tissues.

42. All allergens can be divided into the following categories:  Inhale (pollen of various trees and herbs; house, flour and grain dust, animal dander; fungal spores; insect debris including dust mites)  Contact (clothing, cosmetics, dyes, oils, detergents, soaps, medicinal creams and ointments, sunshine)  Food (food, medicines, nutritional supplements, dietary supplements)  Injectable (medicines, insect stings)

43. Professional allergens: allergens associated with professional activities  platinum salt;  rosin;  penicillin fungus spores (found on the cheese);  grain;  tea and tobacco dust;  green bean coffee;  substances used in beauty salons;  wood dust;  sawdust;  enzymes;  pharmaceuticals;  paints and solvents;  salts of metals – chromium, cobalt, nickel.

44. Polyvalent allergens Birch pollen Hazel nut, potato, carrot, apple, pear, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, kiwi, celery, parsnip, coriander, chestnut Ragweed pollen Cucumber, bananas, watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew Wormwood pollen Carrots, mustard, celery, parsnip, coriander, fennel Meadow grass pollen wheat, other cereals, potatoes, tomatoes, watermelon, cantaloupe, kiwi Mites of house dust Marine arthropods and mollusks Often meeting the cross-reactions:

45. Causes of allergies:  chemical pollution of environment;  exposure of tobacco smoke, industrial and car smog;  widespread use of chemicals in everyday life and agriculture;  widening of range of use medicine;  large scale of immunoprophylaxis;  genetic burden.

46. Atopy – allergy in which heredity plays the leading role A child who has one parent is allergic, is exposed to 30% of allergic reactions risk. In case of allergy in both parents the risk is doubled. atopic dermatitis (AtD) atopic urticaria

47. Epidemiology of allergies  In the past 30 years the incidence allergies grew each decade in 2 time especially in the developed countries and with adverse environmental conditions.  At the beginning of XX century hay fever suffer less than 1% of the European population. Now hay fever suffers today at least 10% of the world population, and in the last decade has seen a steady growth in the prevalence of the disease. In Russia this figure is closer to 15%.

48. Hypothesis about connection of allergy and urbanization have made more British doctors who have studied in the late XIX century when the relatively rare cases of hay fever. They call attention to the villagers who live in the worst conditions, more contact with pollen and animals, suffer hay fever is much less compared to the educated and wealthy citizens. And even then medical community predicted that with the industrialization development the number of patients with allergies will only grow. Finally such observations have led to the creation of the most fashionable today hypothesis of the origin of allergy - “hygienic".

49. Theory of the hygiene effect this theory states that hygiene practices to prevent contact of the organism with a number of antigens, which ultimately causes underdevelopment of the immune system In 1990 the German Allergists began a long series of observations which would demonstrate the importance of the environment of human health. Just now reunited Germany is an ideal model object: on one side of the former border – polluting the GDR, on the other – a relatively clean and well appointed Germany. It was supposed to prove the following obvious truth: the number of cases allergy I is greater, the more polluted the environment. But the opposite happened: with the Berlin Wall fell and the central dogma of modern Allergologia. Questionnaires showed that urban residents former GDR have asthma and hay fever are much less likely to residents of Munich and Hamburg. Amazed doctors resorted to an objective criterion – point skin tests. The result was the same: the West Germans are twice as likely to respond to standard allergens than people living in Leipzig and Halle.

50. Theory of the hygiene effect CONCLUSIONS: Allergy is definitely payback for technical progress. But it’s not so much the fact that the industry is a supplier of new seamless allergens. Primarily, that civilization surrounds the human with artificial habitat. In the average developed country and in schools, nurseries, public transportation prevails almost complete sterility.

51. Thank you for your attention!