1. Learning Outcome Lesson Objective
Understand the techniques used in the construction of superstructures for low-rise domestic and commercial buildings
Lesson Objective
To be able to explain the techniques used for construction of external walls in commercial construction

2. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Types of cladding
Infill wall framing to a structural grid
Solid and cavity walling of stone, block and brick
Facings applied to solid and cavity background walls
Cladding panels of precast concrete, GRC and GRP
Thin sheet cladding of metal
Glazed wall systems

3. Cladding in Commercial buildings
Definitions
cladding assembly
roof or wall covering system, which may be a site assembly of liner, spacer and profiled
sheeting elements together with insulation and vapour control layers, a composite panel
or a bonded panel
profiled sheeting
sheeting, longitudinally formed with regularly spaced shapes of corrugated or trapezoidal
cross sections, including substantially flat sheeting with side lapping profiles, which can
support load over a span
composite panel (or sandwich panel)
panel that consists of two parallel profiled sheets separated by and factory-filled with
insulation adhering to the profiled sheets, the assembly designed to act as a composite
structural element

4. Cladding in Commercial buildings
bonded panel
panel that consists of a profiled sheeting bonded by gluing to insulating board
fixing
system of connection between two or more profiled sheets or between profiled sheets or
accessories and supporting structure
primary fixing
fixing that secures profiled sheeting or lining to the supporting structure (sheeting to purlin
or spacer, spacer to purlin)
secondary fixing
fixing that secures the laps of profile sheets to each other but not to the supporting
structure; and used to attach accessories

5. Cladding in Commercial buildings
rigid fixings
fasteners that rigidly connect materials together, typified by self-drilling and self-tapping
screws where any movement is accommodated by the connecting materials themselves,
i.e. roof sheet and/or spacer or structure. No allowance for movement is required in the
connection itself.
non-rigid fixings
fasteners that, by the nature of their design, can permit thermal or other movement to
take place between the connecting materials. Typical fasteners are hook bolts and bolts
with elastomeric sleeves.
Self-drilling and self-tapping screws can also be used where clearance holes or slots in
the sheeting, together with purpose designed washers, allow movement
fastener
connecting device for the fixing
fibre cement
cement reinforced with asbestos, natural or man-made fibres

6. Cladding in Commercial buildings

7. Commercial brick wall construction).

8. Commercial brick wall construction

9. Commercial brick wall construction

10. Commercial brick wall construction

11. Cladding in Commercial buildings
Profiled metal cladding

12. Cladding in Commercial buildings

13. Cladding in Commercial buildings
Eaves Detail

14. Cladding in Commercial buildings
Ridge Detail

15. Cladding in Commercial buildings
Verge Detail

16. Cladding in Commercial buildings
What other materials are commonly used in cladding?
boards (other than timber)
• concrete, e.g. pre-cast panels, blockwork, etc.
facing brickwork, including brick slips
• faience and terra-cotta
• glass
• glass curtain walling
• glass fibre reinforced cement (GRC)
• glass reinforced plastic (GRP)
• metal sheeting
• applied renders and coatings
• slates & tiles
• stone
• tiling and mosaics
• timber facing.

17. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Infill wall framing to a structural grid
Infill walls frames are fixed within the enclosing members of the structural frame or between projections of the frame

18. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Facings
A facing is a comparatively thin, non structural slab of natural or reconstructed stone, ceramic, glass ties, etc., fixed to the face of, and supported by solid background walls.
The facing itself is non-structural.
The weight of the facing is supported at each storey height by angles or corbel plates
Movement joints are required horizontally and vertically to allow differential thermal and moisture movement.

19. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Facings
Stone facing to solid background.

20. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Precast Cladding Panels
Precast concrete panels are reinforced concrete units available in a wide range of mixes, colours and finishes.
Finishes can include acid-etched, smooth or coarse ground, grit or sand-blasted, rubbed or polished.
Mixes designed to resemble natural stone can also be produced. Highly articulated designs can be accommodated by the mouldable concrete mix.

21. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Precast Cladding Panels
Precast concrete panels are cast face-downwards in purpose-built moulds, usually made of either timber or fibre glass.
A steel reinforcement cage is placed in the mould prior to the concrete being poured.
Timber moulds can be easily adjusted so that maximum use can be made of each basic mould, further contributing to cost efficiencies.

22. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Sheet metal cladding
Laminated panels
Rain screens

23. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Laminated panels
Profiled laminated metal sheeting.

24. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Rainscreen
Uses an outer panel as a screen to an inner panel system of insulation and lining.
It is arranged so there is a space between the screen and the outer lining for ventilation and pressure equalisation.
The rainscreen will protect the lining system from excessive heating by solar radiation and protect the gaskets from the hardening effects of the direct sunlight

25. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Rainscreen
Flat single skin aluminium panel rain screen.

26. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Curtain walls
Definition-
External wall that ‘hangs’ on the building like a curtain and is non-load bearing.
With curtain walling, double or triple glazing with built-in insulation in the non-glazed areas combines the duties of keeping the weather out as well as keeping heat or cool air inside

27. CLADDING TO FRAMED BUILDINGS
Curtain walls
Stick system
Unitised or panel system
Structural glazing sealant
Suspended frameless glazing