1. Expansion into Texas Learning Objective: Examine the reasons and analyze why Americans wanted to move into Texan territory.

2. Why expand There were two reasons why many Americans felt Texas was so valuable. 1. Much of this region was well suited for growing cotton, the South’s most valuable cash crop. 2. It was the hope that many southerners expected Texas to become part of the United States. Annex: to add a territory to a country. Such an addition is called an annexation. Dictator: someone who rules with absolute power, often harshly. Tejanos: Texans of Mexican descent.

3. Americans Come to Texas Stephen F. Austin arrived in Texas just as Mexico declared its independence from Spain. Now Texas was a part of the new country of Mexico. Mexican officials agreed to let Austin start his colony—under certain conditions. The settlers had to promise to become Mexican citizens and to join the Catholic church.

4. Manifest Destiny marches on Texas territory

5. Rising Tensions The success of Austin’s colony started a rush of settlers to Texas. By 1830, there were about 25,000 Americans in Texas, compared to 4,000 Tejanos (tay-HA- nos), or Texans of Mexican descent. Soon tensions between the two groups began to rise. The Americans had several complaints. They were used to governing themselves, and they resented taking orders from Mexican officials. They were unhappy that all official documents had to be in Spanish, a language most of them were unwilling to learn. In addition, many were slaveholders who were upset when Mexico outlawed slavery in 1829. The Tejanos had their own complaints. They were unhappy that many American settlers had come to Texas without Mexico’s permission. Worse, most of these new immigrants showed little respect for Mexican culture and had no intention of becoming citizens. The Mexican government responded by closing Texas to further U.S. immigration. The government sent troops to Texas to enforce the immigration laws.

6. Think, Pair Share There were two reasons why many Americans felt Texas was so valuable what were they? 1. Much of this region was well suited for growing cotton, the South’s most valuable cash crop. 2. It was the hope that many southerners expected Texas to become part of the United States.

7. Think, Pair Share What were some of the American’s complaints? Texans didn’t like taking orders from Mexican officials. Texans didn’t want to learn Spanish or accept documents in this language. What was the major problem Texans had? Mexico abolished slavery.

8. Think, Pair Share Explain: why was colonization of the Americas into Texas failing? Answer: American settlers did not adopt Mexican ways, and the Mexican government viewed growing American influence with alarm.

9. The Texans Rebel

10. A group led by a lawyer named William Travis began calling for revolution. Another group led by Stephen F. Austin asked the Mexican government to reopen Texas to immigration and to make it a separate Mexican state. In 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico and presented the Texans’ demands to the new head of the Mexican government, General Antonio López de Santa Anna; who became a dictator. Rather than bargain with Austin, Santa Anna tossed him in jail for promoting rebellion. Soon after Austin was released in 1835, Texans rose up in revolt. Determined to crush the rebels, Santa Anna marched north with some 6,000 troops.

11. The Alamo In late February 1836, a large part of Santa Anna’s army reached San Antonio, Texas. About 180 Texan volunteers, including eight Tejanos, defended the town. The Texans had taken over an old mission known as the Alamo. Among them was Davy Crockett, the famous frontiersman and former congressman from Tennessee. Sharing command with William Travis was James Bowie, a well-known Texas “freedom fighter.” After two weeks of fighting on March 6, 1836, Sana Anna staged the final battle for the Alamo. This fight lasted for 90 minutes and end with the death of every man at the fort. Santa Anna described the fight for the Alamo as “but a small affair.” But his decision to kill every man at the Alamo filled Texans with rage. Sam Houston, the commander of the Texas revolutionary army, understood Texans’ rage.

12. Think, Pair Share Who led the group calling for revolution? William Travis Who was put in jail for requesting changes for Texas and by whom? Stephen Austin was jailed by Santa Anna.

13. Think, Pair Share What if the defenders had not stayed at the Alamo? 1.Do you think the stand at the Alamo helped the cause of Texas independence even though it was a defeat for the Texans? Explain. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________. 2. Did history take a different course because of the decision to defend the Alamo? Explain. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________.

14. Think, Pair Share Susanna Dickinson, wife of Capt. Almeron Dickinson who was in charge of the artillery at the Alamo, was allowed by Santa Anna to leave the stronghold. She helped spread news of the Alamo’s defeat to the other Texas forces. What is the significance of the battle of the Alamo? Answer: Texans might not have gained independence without the battle. News of the defeat led to support for the struggle. Other possible responses 1.The stand at the Alamo encouraged Texans to continue to fight for independence. 2.If the defenders of the Alamo had surrendered, Texas leaders might not have had time to declare independence.

15. Texas Wins Its Independence Sam Houston’s had a strategy but it wasn’t popular, however it worked brilliantly. In April, Santa Anna caught up with Houston near the San Jacinto (san ha-SIN-to) River. Expecting the Texans to attack at dawn, the general kept his troops awake all night. When no attack came, the weary Mexicans relaxed. Santa Anna went to his tent to take a nap. Late that afternoon, Houston’s troops staged a surprise attack. Yelling, “Remember the Alamo!” the Texans overran the Mexican camp. Santa Anna fled, but he was captured the next day. In exchange for his freedom, he ordered all his remaining troops out of Texas. The Texas War for Independence had been won, but Mexico did not fully accept the loss of its territory. Now independent, the Republic of Texas earned the nickname Lone Star Republic because of the single star on its flag. Despite their wishes, Texas remained independent for ten years. People in the United States were divided over whether to annex Texas. Despite their wishes, Texas remained independent for ten years. People in the United States were divided over whether to annex Texas.

16. Was Annexing Texas Justifiable? (From U.S. point of view) Pro Annexation We need Texas to fulfill Manifest Destiny. Expanded farmland (especially cotton) If Texas is a slave state, it would allow southerners to maintain their way of life. Mexico hasn’t developed the land, America will. Con Expansion of slavery was viewed as an evil by Northerners. Annexation=War (Mexico will fight back). Pair/Share: Do YOU believe annexing Texas was justifiable. Use the chart above to give your partner your best reasons for your opinion.

17. People in the United States were divided over whether to annex Texas. Southerners were eager to add another slave state. Northerners who opposed slavery wanted to keep Texas out. Others feared that annexation would lead to war with Mexico. The 1844 presidential campaign was influenced by the question of whether to expand U.S. territory. One of the candidates, Henry Clay, warned, “Annexation and war with Mexico are identical.” His opponent, James K. Polk, however, was a strong believer in manifest destiny. He was eager to acquire Texas. After Polk was elected, Congress voted to annex Texas. In 1845, Texas was admitted as the 28th state.

18. Think/Pair/Share How did the U.S. annex Texas?

19. Exit Ticket Tell the story of the Alamo___________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ___. Why did Texas become a part of the U.S.?____________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________. Was it justifiable?_______________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________

20. Primary Source

21. Future U.S. territorial gains through America’s manifest destiny.