2. Sand Dollars Federal Shore Protection Appropriations 1995-99

3. Nourishment Rebuild the beach and dune system. Mimic the historic position and shape of the shoreline Add sand (gravel) in sufficient quantities to “push” the shoreline in a seaward direction USACE adds 1.1 - 1.3 cy/ft of shoreline. Assumes the beach ends in - 28ft (closure depth). Extends from + 7ft to - 28ft. Volume depends upon compatibility of the source material

4. Beach Nourishment Requires large volume of beach- quality material- hundreds of thousands of m 3 /km (million cy/mile) Periodic maintenance (3 - 4 yrs) Storms will necessitate more frequent renourishment Best to nourish long sections of shoreline

5. Nourishment as a Multi Purpose Management Tool Hard Structures generate adverse effects in near and far fields Soft structures such as nourishment is an environmentally “acceptable” method of preserving and maintaining the oceanfront beaches provides storm protection mitigates long term erosion increases recreation potential

6. Terrestrial sources- coastal dunes, coastal plain, rivers, inland sand dunes, and spoil islands (upland disposal sites) Offshore sources- dredge spoils from harbors, inlets (flood and ebb deltas), estuarine channels, sand fields, ridges, paleo-channels, and poorly lithified rock units. Sources of Sand

7. Costs Function of proximity of borrow source to placement site & size of project Inland sites (US) costs range from $10 - $80/cy Offshore sites range from $ 3- $ 20+/cy Some beaches nourished with sand barged in from great distances - Japan (Taiwan) and Barbados (Cuba). Costs reach hundreds of USD/cy Netherlands- sand far offshore

8. Costs- Who Pays? Public Beaches - Fed. Govt. pays 65 %, State, County, & Towns pay 35 %. Private Beaches- Like Figure 8 Island - 100%. For projects other than nourishment, ie., navigation improvements -- the “locals” may have to pay for placing sand on beach. Pay difference in the cost for pumping etc., from original disposal site to the beach placement site. Cost sharing equation will change.

9. Beach Nourishment Although accepted as the most viable means of managing the eroding beach-- many problems Engineering project design Environmental degradation Economic considerations Availability of Sand for beachfill Social and Political ramifications

10. Nourishment Needs