1. By: Jenny Rodstein Milan Turner Genesis Navarrete APUSH Period 1 4/21/14

2. Chapter 13: The Rise of Mass Democracy

3. Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote. No candidate won the majority of the electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to choose the winner. Henry Clay convinced the House to elect John Quincy Adams as president. Adams agreed to make Clay the Secretary of State for getting him into office. Accusations of a “corrupt bargain” were made by Jackson

4. John Quincy Adams Sixth president Strong nationalist Proposed construction of roads and canals, a national university, and an astronomical observatory. Advocated peaceful relations with Native Americans His policies were unpopular amongst the public

5. Andrew Jackson Seventh President Popular president due to his image as a self-made westerner Advocated the spoils system- the practice of rewarding political supporters with public office Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi along the Trail of Tears.

6. The Tariff of Abominations In 1824 Congress had increased the general tariff significantly. The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones. It was hated by Southerners because it was an extremely high tariff and they felt it discriminated against them. The south was having economic troubles and the tariff was a scapegoat. John C. Calhoun developed the South Carolina exposition. It was a pamphlet that denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional. John C. Calhoun developed a theory of nullification in response to the tariff. He believed that since the states had created the federal government, they had the final authority over the constitutionality of laws (state’s rights)

7. The Tariff of Abominations (continued) Congress passes the new tariff of 1832. Southern state legislature called for a special convention in Columbia, SC. Delegates declared the tariff null and void, and threatened secession. Henry Clay presented the Compromise Tariff of 1833. It gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the Tariff of 1816. This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years. Congress passes the Force Bill, which authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal taxes

8. The Bank War Jackson objected to the Bank of the US Felt that the Bank had too much power over the nation’s economy and acted like a branch of government. Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Jackson. The scheme required Nicholas Biddle (chairman of the bank) to work with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due. If Jackson approved the bill he would lose support from the west, but if he vetoed the bill he would lost support from the wealthy. Jackson vetoes the re-charter Led to “Biddle’s Panic”

9. Election of 1832 The bank became the major political issue First time a third party enters- the anti- Masonic party Introduction of national nominating conventions and formal platforms Jackson wins

10. Burying Biddle's Bank The Bank of the United States‘ charter expired in 1836. Jackson wanted to make sure that the Bank would be exterminated. In 1833, 3 years before the Bank's charter ran out, Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from its vaults The death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy. Smaller, wildcat banks in the west had begun to issue their own currency. But this "wildcat" currency was extremely unreliable because its value was based upon the value of the bank it was issued from. In 1836, "wildcat" currency had become so unreliable that Jackson told the Treasury to issue a Specie Circular (a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with metallic money).This drastic step contributed greatly to the financial panic of 1837.

11. Birth of the Whigs Attracted groups alienated by Jackson: supporters of Clay’s American system, state’s righters, northern industrialists/merchants, Protestants, Anti-Masonic. Thought of themselves as conservatives, yet they were progressive in their support of an active government. Supported: government programs, reforms, public schools, and internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. Claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared Democrats as the party of corruption. Stemmed from the old Federalist Party and old National Republican party.

12. Martin van Buren Eighth president Problems: the Panic of 1837 Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill, to divide the government from banking altogether. It was not passed by Congress. The Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840. An independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked in vaults.

13. The Lone Star Rebellion Texan American had tension with the Mexican government Issues: slavery, immigration, and local rights Texans declared independence and named Sam Houston commander in chief During Texas’s revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed.

14. Lone Star Rebellion (continued) Texans beat Santa Anna (Mexican military/political leader) at San Jacinto. Forced to sign treaties to withdraw Mexican troops and recognize Rio Grande as border Texans received independence and wanted to join the Union Congress wants to stay neutral and avoid issue of slavery Antislavery crusaders in the North opposed annexation since Texas would become a slave state and upset the balance.

15. Politics for the People There were 2 major changes in politics after the Era of Good Feelings: 1.Politicians who were too clean, too well dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy was not liked by the American people. The common man was moving to the center of the national political stage. The Two-Party System 2. There was a formation of a two-party system. The two parties consisted of the Democrats and the Whigs.

16. Increased interconnection led to a more dynamic, market centered national economy. Forging the National Economy (1790-1860) Chapter 14

17. Until 1850, half the population was under age 30 and moving west. Life: was grim for pioneer families: poorly fed, housed in shanties, and victims of disease, depression, and premature death. Woman were isolated from human contact for extended periods leading to madness. Characteristics: “rugged individualism”, ill-informed, superstitious Literature: “Self Reliance” by Emerson matched mood of the time. Environment: Pioneers exhausted the land in tobacco region and then moved on to new land leaving the barren land. Ecological Imperialism: aggressive exploitation of West’s natural bounty --Fur-trapping – “rendezvous” system along the Rocky Mountain region. Indians traded beaver pelts for manufactured goods. --Also buffalo robes (western prairies) + sea-otter pelts (CA Coast) --Result: near or total annihilation

18. Revering nature: nationalism made people believe the beauty of the American wilderness was unique. The west was unspoiled by human hands and reminiscent of time before civilization. George Catlin- advocated creation of national parks to preserve nature under a national policy. Yellowstone Park – first national park created in 1872.

19. By 1850, the population was doubling every 25 years. Rapid urbanization led to slums, crime, polluted water, sewage problems, and improper garbage disposal. Decrease in disease with creation of sewer systems (Boston) and piped in water (New York). Immigration: 1840s-50s over a million and a half Irish + Germans -Reasons for immigration: Europe was running out of room as they were displaced before the felt American pull. -America offered freedom (including religion) + opportunity - “American letters” sent home to family described rich life -Transoceanic steamships made travel easier and faster -Note: Of the 60 million who left Europe 25 million went somewhere other than the U.S.

20. IrishGermans Push factor: Potato famine in Ireland wheat demand fell after war Population: Young, male, illiterate Religion: Most Roman Catholic Politics: Powerful because voted together Wealth: Possessed few goods. They were too poor to move west and buy land + equipment. Location: Remained on coastal cities They lived in slums. Work: Hated by natives “NINA” Hated blacks bc competition for jobs. Women “Biddies” as kitchen maids. Male “Paddies” made roads/canals. Mobility: began low-skill, got land Note: hated the British “Black Forties” Push factor: militarism/wars, crop failures, political refugee failed democratic rev. Population: more educated, public schools, Kindergarten Religion: Amish/Anabaptist/Roman Catholic Politics: influential, but scattered Wealth: had a modest amount of material goods, Location: settled Mid-West to farm, isolated themselves Work: Hated slavery, farmers, not hated as much by nativists Mobility: skipped low-skill labor bc had money to go west Note: influences to American culture Conestoga wagon, Kentucky riffle, Christmas tree

21. “Nativists” feared foreigners would out populate/out vote and take jobs from “natives”. Roman Catholics created a Catholic education system to prevent Protestant indoctrination from the Protestant majority among Americans. By 1850, Roman Catholics represented the majority of American people. The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner became the “Know Nothing” party, a group of nativists that wanted to restrict immigration and to deport “aliens”. Violence erupted between the Roman Catholics and nativists. Ex. City of Brotherly Love Reality? Immigrants helped fuel economic expansion and the Industrial Revolution, which ensured that their would be enough wealth for both immigrants and “natives”.

22. The Industrial Revolution ushered in the modern factory by the use of steam to mass produce textiles in place of human labor. Reasons manufacturing was slow coming in the U.S. - people wanted abundant land, not unsanitary factories (which left a scarcity of labor until immigrants came), raw materials were undeveloped, and they had difficulty competing with the cheap/mass produced goods of Europe. Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System” in America, memorized the plans of British machinery and escaped to America to create the 1 st machine to spin cotton thread. (1791) Eli Whitney- (1793) created the cotton gin which could separate the seed from the cotton fiber. This made the raising of cotton profitable, relieved poverty in the South, and increased the demand for slave labor. The south became the Cotton Kingdom and New England became the industrialization center in the north because it had poor soil for farming, dense population for labor, capital from shipping, seaports for importing raw material, and water power from the nearby rivers.

23. The War of 1812 forced the development of American factories and the use of American products as a result of nonintercourse with Europe. After the Treaty of Ghent in 1815, the manufacturing boom was slowed because the surpluses of Europe were now sold at extremely low prices. Interchangeable parts – (1850) by Eli Whitney enabled mass- production and assembly lines. He standardized parts of muskets. Limited Liability – aided capital concentration by allowing individual investors to only risk his own share of the corporation’s stock. Laws of “Free Incorporation” – businessmen created corporations without individual charters from legislature. Samuel F. B. Morse – invented the telegraph.

24. Working conditions: long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions Labor unions to raise wages were condemned as criminal activity. Child labor led to injury, mental/emotional damage The laboring man got the vote as a result of Jacksonian democracy. Workers supported Jacksonian democracy because he attacked their concerns about capitalism: the bank and forms of privilege. 10 hour work day established by President Van Buren for federal employees on public projects. -Criticism: reduce production and increase cost Strikes for higher wages, 10 hours, and better conditions. Strike breakers used by employers. Commonwealth vs. Hunt – the Supreme Court ruled that labor unions were not illegal as long as their methods were honorable and peaceful.

25. Preindustrial Economy- farm women spun yarn, wove cloth, made goods. The factories undermined these jobs by producing good much faster. “Factory girls” –12-13 hours 6 days/week provided economic independence -Ex. Lowell Mill supervised by matrons, no unions, church “Cult of Domesticity” – glorified women as wives, mothers, home makers -most women left jobs once they got married Families became closer, smaller, child-centered, and more affectionate. “Domestic Feminism”–women’s new assertive role choosing fewer children

26. Breadbasket – the Trans-Allegheny region Corn and hogs – staple crops of west Steal Plow - by Deere plowed soil of west and could be pulled by horses Mechanical Mower Reaper – by McCormick enabled cash crop capitalists

27. Shipping raw materials to factories and goods to consumers demanded new/more efficient transportation in all directions. Lancaster Turnpike – 1790s from Philadelphia to Lancaster. There was a tollgate with a barrier of sharp pikes, which turned sideways after they paid their toll. Significance? Stimulated development of west Road Blocks to western road building: states’ righters, who opposed federal aid to local projects, expense, and easterners who didn’t want to lose their population to the west. National Road/Cumberland Road- federally financed road. Steamboat created by Robert Fulton to defy current. This enabled two way water travel, esp. in W and S.

28. Erie Canal – led by Clinton, governor of NY to connect the Hudson River with the Great Lakes in 1825. -Significance? Lowered shipping cost and shortened travel time, value of the land increased, industry boomed

29. Railroad SIGNIFICANCE!!! Was the most significant contribution to the development of the economy. Pros: fast, cheap, reliable First appear 1828, would end up with ¾ in north Opposition: from canal backers and those with safety concerns (sparks, breaks, rail differences, wrecks) Cables – Field stretched cable and became permanent between U.S. and Europe. Clippers – 1840s/50s – by Yankee naval yards, sacrificed cargo space for speed. Could ship high value quick. Faded out after profitable steamboat. Pony Express – 1860 – Carried mail speedily 2,000 miles and collapsed because it lost profit to….. Clacking Keys- by Morse to send messages.

30. Transportation Revolution- linking America East to West. South – cotton to export to New England + Britain West – grew grain + livestock to feed factory workers in East + Europe East – made machines + textiles for the South and the West Division of labor for productivity and profit

31. Transformed subsistence economy with farms and workshops into an interconnected national network of industry and commerce, with a market-oriented economy. Chief Justice Marshall- enabled irrevocable charters, development of monopolies, and the difficulty to break into markets. Boston’s Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge – River Bridge sued Warren Bridge for unconstitutionally violating the original contract. Judge Taney sided with Warren Bridge and encouraged competition. The days of homemade everything were gone as people went to work in factories or sold crops to make the money to buy goods. Advancements in manufacturing and transportation also widened the gap between the rich and the poor. Cities had the most extremes of the income gap. The idea of “social mobility” came to be but the successes of rags-to- riches were few. Yet, improvements in overall standard of living was real.

32. Reform Movements to improve character of Americans; make them honest, God-fearing, and literate

33. Church attendance was regular in 1850 (3/4 of Americans attended) Deism - Many relied on Deism-reason rather revelation; science rather than the Bible; Deism rejected predestination, denied Christ’s divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe and endowed humans with the ability to behave morally Unitarian faith began in New England  believed God in only 1 person, not orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature  believed in free will + salvation through good works These changes to traditional Christianity pushed Christians to “take back their faith” Liberalism generated the 2nd Great Awakening an enormous wave of spiritual fervor which led to church reform, prison reform, temperance movement, women’s rights movement, and abolition of slavery in 1830s. Spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings” + Christianizing Indians Methodists + Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism Peter Cartwright – most popular the “circuit riders” or traveling preachers Charles Grandison Finney – the greatest revival preacher.

34. The revival fragmented religious faiths  NY Puritans preached “hellfire” + became “Burned-Over District”  Millerites (Adventists) – predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, 1844. When this prophesy failed to materialize, the movement lost credibility.  The Awakening widened lines between classes  Conservatives were made up of: propertied Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians  South + West were usually Methodists or Baptists Religion further split with the issue of slavery  the Methodists and Presbyterians split

35. Joseph Smith (1830) claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them. He founded the Mormons or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints  antagonism toward Mormons emerged due to their polygamy, drilling militia, and unit voting  Smith was succeeded by Brigham Young, who led followers to Utah  Grew quickly: birth + European immigrants The issue of polygamy prevented Utah’s entrance to U.S. until 1896

36. The idea of tax-supported, mandatory, primary schools was considered give away to the poor.  Support rose because uneducated youth grew up to have voting rights  Free public education, triumphed in 1828 along with the voting power in the Jackson election  ill-trained teachers  Horace Mann fought for better schools and is the “Father of Public Education”  school too expensive for many Important educators - Noah Webster (dictionary and Blueback Speller); William H. McGuffey — McGuffey’s Readers)

37. The 2nd Great Awakening built small schools in S + W  the curriculum focused mainly on Latin, Greek, Math, moral philosophy The 1st state-supported university was the Univ. of North Carolina, in 1795; Jefferson started the University of Virginia to be independent of religion or politics women were thought to be corrupted if educated, so excluded Libraries, public lectures, and magazines flourished

38. Reformers opposed tobacco, alcohol, profanity, and were for women’s rights women motivated these reform movements reformers sought a perfect society  ignored the problems of factories  fought for no imprisonment for debt + gradually succeeded  wanted criminal codes softened + reformatories created.  The mentally insane were treated badly. Dorothea Dix fought to reform treatment of and institutions for the mentally insane.  There was agitation for peace. (i.e. the American Peace Society)

39. The American Temperance Society was formed at Boston (1826) – the “Cold Water Army” (children), signed pledges, made pamphlets, and an anti-alcohol novel emerged called 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There Attack on the demon drink adopted 2 major lines attack…  stressed temperance (individual will to resist)  legislature-removed temptation - Neal S. Dow becomes the “Father of Prohibition”  sponsored Maine Law of 1851 which prohibited making and sale of liquor (followed by others)

40. Women without voting rights. Home was the center of their world. Many women avoided marriage altogether and became “spinsters” Gender differences increased sharply with different economic roles  women perceived as weak physically/emotionally, but fine for teaching  men perceived as strong, but crude/barbaric, if not guided by purity of women they joined the movement to abolish of slavery the women’s movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Candy Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters, and Amelia Bloomer  The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention (1848) – held in NY, it was a major landmark in women’s rights  Declaration of Sentiments – in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence saying that “all Men and Women are created equal”  demanded ballot for women  launched modern women’s rights movement the women’s rights movement was temporarily eclipsed by the fight against slavery when the Civil War heated up, but served as a foundation for later days

41. Robert Owen founded New Harmony, IN (1825) though it failed in confusion Brook Farm – Massachusetts experiment (1841) where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until 1846) Oneida Community — practiced free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring; it survived ironically as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and then cutlery. Shakers – a communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn’t marry so they became extinct

42. Early Americans were interested in practical science rather than pure science.  Nathaniel Bowditch – studied practical navigation and oceanography  Matthew Maury - ocean winds, currents The most influential U.S. scientists:  Benjamin Silliman - pioneer in chemistry geologist  Louis Agassiz - insisted on original research  Asa Gray - was the Columbus of botany Medicine in the U.S. was primitive (i.e., bleeding used for cure; smallpox, yellow fever though it killed many). Life expectancy was low. Self-prescribed patent medicines were common, they were usually alcohol and often as harmful as helpful. The local surgeon was usually the local barber or butcher.

43. U.S. had imitated European styles of art 1820-50 was a Greek revival, Gothic forms gained popularity Artists were viewed as a wasters of time Popular artists included: Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peal, and John Trumbull. During the nationalism upsurge after War of 1812, U.S. painters portrayed human landscapes and Romanticism  “dark” tunes became popular

44. Literature was plagiarized from England Literature was reborn after the War of Independence and especially after War of 1812. The Knickerbocker group in NY wrote the first genuinely American literature  Washington Irving- 1st U.S. internationally recognized writings, The Sketch Book  James Fenimore Cooper- 1st US novelist, Leatherstocking Tales (The Last of the Mohicans)  William Cullen Bryant – Thanatopsis, the 1st high quality poetry in U.S.

45. Literature dawned with the transcendentalist movement (around 1830)  Transcendentalists believed truth came from with inner light  Stressed individualism, self-reliance, and non- conformity  Ralph Waldo Emerson was influential: he urged U.S. writers throw off European tradition as a practical philosopher (stressed self-government, self-reliance, dependence on self)  Most famous for “Self Reliance”  Henry David Thoreau condemned slavery and wrote Walden: Or life in the Woods and “Civil Disobedience”, which was idealistic  Walt Whitman wrote “Leaves of Grass” and was “Poet Laureate of Democracy”

46. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - wrote poems popular in Europe such as Evangeline John Greenleaf Whittier - poems that cried against injustice, intolerance, inhumanity Women writers  Louisa May Alcott - with transcendentalism wrote Little Women  Emily Dickinson – wrote of the theme of nature in poems

47. Edgar Allan Poe - wrote “The Raven”  invented modern detective novel and “psychological thriller”  he was fascinated by the supernatural Reflections of Calvinist obsession and struggle between good & evil  Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter (psychological effect of sin)  Herman Melville - Moby Dick, and allegory between good and evil

48. George Bancroft – founded the naval academy; published U.S. history book and was known as the “Father of American History” William H. Prescott - published on the conquest of Mexico, Peru Historians were all from New England. Therefore, an anti-South bias was created.