1. Australian VLab Centre of Excellence National Himawari-8 Training Campaign Exploring some of the new single channels of Himawari-8 Compiled by Bodo Zeschke, BMTC, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, using information from various sources, June 2015 Should you use these resources please acknowledge the Australian VLab Centre of Excellence. In addition, you need to retain acknowledgement in the PowerPoint slides of EUMETSAT, the Japan Meteorological Agency, the Bureau of Meteorology and any other sources of information.

2. Learning Outcomes At the end of this exercise you will: Have gained a better understanding of the effective Forecaster use of the visible, near infrared, shortwave infrared and water vapour channels of Himawari-8 Have a basic knowledge how products useful for Fire Weather monitoring and nowcasting can be derived from selected visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared channels. Have a basic knowledge and understanding how multiple water vapour channel data may be used for the detection and nowcasting of Mountain Waves. Have a basic understanding of the limitations in the water vapour channels in determining the altitude of Mountain waves.

3. Topics Exploring some of the new single channels of Himawari-8 Visible/near infrared/shortwave infrared channels, with a focus on Fire Weather Water vapour channels, with a focus on Mountain Waves

4. Himawari-8 channel uses Channel 1, 2, 30.47, 0.51, 0.64Clouds, low cloud and fog, winds, vegetation, snow cover etc. Channel 40.86Daytime vegetation / burn scars, flood / standing water, aerosol detection over water, winds, snow cover Channel 51.6Daytime cloud top phase and particle size, snow cover, flood / standing water Channel 62.3Daytime cloud / land properties, cloud particle size, vegetation, snow cover Channel 73.9Surface and clouds, low clouds and fog at night, fires and hot spots, winds Channel 86.2High level atmospheric water vapour, turbulence, winds, rainfall Channel 96.9Mid level atmospheric water vapour, winds, rainfall Channel 107.3Lower level water vapour, winds, rainfall, sulphur dioxide Channel 118.6Total water for stability, cloud phase, dust,sulphur dioxide, rainfall Channel 129.6Total ozone, turbulence, winds Channel 1310.4Surface features, clouds, Tropical Cyclone intensity (Dvorak) Channel 1411.2Sea surface temperature, clouds, convective cloud top signatures, rainfall, volcanic ash detection, winds. Channel 1512.4Total water, volcanic ash detection, sea surface temperature Channel 1613.3Air temperature, cloud heights and amounts, volcanic ash height

5. Himawari-8 channels – visible/near infrared/short wave infrared Channel 1, 2, 30.47, 0.51, 0.64Clouds, low cloud and fog, winds, vegetation, snow cover etc. Channel 40.86Daytime vegetation / burn scars, flood / standing water, aerosol detection over water, winds, snow cover Channel 51.6Daytime cloud top phase and particle size, snow cover, flood / standing water Channel 62.3Daytime cloud / land properties, cloud particle size, vegetation, snow cover Channel 73.9Surface and clouds, low clouds and fog at night, fires and hot spots, winds Channel 86.2High level atmospheric water vapour, turbulence, winds, rainfall Channel 96.9Mid level atmospheric water vapour, winds, rainfall Channel 107.3Lower level water vapour, winds, rainfall, sulphur dioxide Channel 118.6Total water for stability, cloud phase, dust,sulphur dioxide, rainfall Channel 129.6Total ozone, turbulence, winds Channel 1310.4Surface features, clouds, Tropical Cyclone intensity (Dvorak) Channel 1411.2Sea surface temperature, clouds, convective cloud top signatures, rainfall, volcanic ash detection, winds. Channel 1512.4Total water, volcanic ash detection, sea surface temperature Channel 1613.3Air temperature, cloud heights and amounts, volcanic ash height

6. The ABI visible and near-IR bands have many uses. Visible and near-IR channels on the ABI (GOES-R) compared to Himawari-8 for different earth's surfaces From "Moving from "versus" quantitative products to RGB “with” quantitative products"NOAA/NESDIS/Satellite Applications and Research Advanced Satellite Products Branch (ASPB) Joleen Feltz CIMSS NOT ON HIMAWARI-8 EXTRA CHANNEL ON HIMAWARI-8 0.64 0.861.6 2.3

7. Attributes of various earth/atmospheric features in the 0.64, 0.86, 1.6, 2.1 and 3.9 micron channels. 0.64 micronsVegetation is absorbed in this channel Snow and ice are very reflective 0.86 micronsVegetation is very reflective in the 0.86 micron band. Even the smallest hint of vegetation will result in a strongly reflected signal in this channel. Burn scars from fires are not so reflective in this band 1.6 micronsSnow and ice crystals absorb more radiation in the 1.6 micron channel than for the 0.64 and 0.86 micron channels. Soils more reflective in this band than at 0.64 and 0.86 microns 2.1 micronsSnow and ice is very absorptive in this channel Vegetation is absorbed in this channel Burn scars from fires are reflective in this band Soils more reflective in this band than at 0.64 and 0.86 microns 3.9 micronsVery sensitive to "hot spots" from fires etc.

8. Some RGB products using visible / near infrared / shortwave infrared channels REDBand 61.63 microns GREENBand 20.86 microns BLUEBand 10.64 microns Natural Colour RGB REDBand 72.15 microns GREENBand 20.87 microns BLUEBand 10.67 microns MODIS 7-2-1 band combination REDBand 30.48 microns GREENBand 61.6 microns BLUEBand 72.15 microns MODIS 3-6-7 band combination image data courtesy Rapid Response LANCE/EOS, NASA/GSFC/ (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. image courtesy EUMETSAT Himalayan region

9. Some RGB products using visible / near infrared / shortwave infrared channels Natural Colour RGB Ice clouds are blue as ice is strongly absorbed in the 1.6 micron channel so no Red component in the RGB product. Green and Blue gives Cyan. Note the strong signal in the Green beam (0.86 micron) from the vegetation. MODIS 7-2-1 band combination Vegetation strongly reflects the 0.86 micron radiation and therefore has a strong green component. Soil is reflective in all bands though a little more in the 2.15 micron channel giving it a reddish appearance. This combination reveals burn scars from vegetated areas MODIS 3-6-7 band combination Reveals snow and ice as Red as this is very absorbent in the 1.6 and 2.13 micron channels resulting in no contributions from the Green and Blue beams. Soil is much more reflective in the 1.6 and 2.13 micron channels than in the 0.48 micron channel, so it will appear Green + Blue = Cyan.

10. Visible/near infrared / shortwave infrared channels and smoke detection – Smoke and burn scars, southeastern Australia, 9 th February 2014 MODIS 7-2-1 Band Combination night-time IR3.7 image Natural Colour RGB SYDNEY image data courtesy Rapid Response LANCE/EOS, NASA/GSFC/ (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. Image courtesy EUMETSAT

11. Natural Colour RGB Smoke particles scatter more radiation at short wavelengths than long wavelengths so that smoke tends to disappear at longer wavelengths. Hence smoke will have very little red component in the Natural Colour RGB Product. The remaining Green and Blue components will result in a Cyan colour. Note the strong signal in the Green beam (0.86 micron) from the vegetation. MODIS 7-2-1 band combination Vegetation strongly reflects the 0.86 micron radiation and therefore has a strong green component. Soil is reflective in all bands though a little more in the 2.15 micron channel giving it a reddish appearance. This combination reveals burn scars from vegetated areas. Detection of these burn scars are important because heavy rainfall following the fire can result in flash-flooding in the area covered by these scars. Runoff from burn-scarred land can also degrade the water quality of the catchment 3.9 micron channel Shows "hot spots" from fires. Visible/near infrared / shortwave infrared channels and smoke detection

12. Experiment: Natural Colour RGB compared to True Colour RGB product Sumatra Fires, 7 th March 2014, MODIS imagery REDBand 61.63 microns GREENBand 20.86 microns BLUEBand 10.64 microns Natural Colour RGB REDBand 10.64 microns GREENBand 40.55 microns BLUEBand 30.47 microns True Colour RGB image data courtesy Rapid Response LANCE/EOS, NASA/GSFC/ (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ.

13. Experiment: MODIS 7-2-1 Band combination vs True Colour RGB product Sumatra Fires, 7 th March 2014, MODIS imagery REDBand 72.15 microns GREENBand 20.87 microns BLUEBand 10.67 microns MODIS 7-2-1 band combination REDBand 10.64 microns GREENBand 40.55 microns BLUEBand 30.47 microns True Colour RGB image data courtesy Rapid Response LANCE/EOS, NASA/GSFC/ (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ.

14. Sumatra Fires Note that the Natural Colour RGB Product is a useful addition to the True Colour RGB product for smoke monitoring and detection. Output from the Natural Colour RGB Product compared well with the MODIS 7-2-1 band combination RGB Product A complication for Fire Detection in tropical areas is that cumulonimbus clouds also have a Cyan colour in the Natural Colour and 7-2-1 Band Combination RGB Products. Hence it may be difficult to monitor the smoke when there are embedded thunderstorms in the area.

15. Topics Exploring some of the new single channels of Himawari-8 Visible/near infrared/shortwave infrared channels, with a focus on Fire Weather Water vapour channels, with a focus on Mountain Waves

16. Channel 1, 2, 30.47, 0.51, 0.64Clouds, low cloud and fog, winds, vegetation, snow cover etc. Channel 40.86Daytime vegetation / burn scars, flood / standing water, aerosol detection over water, winds, snow cover Channel 51.6Daytime cloud top phase and particle size, snow cover, flood / standing water Channel 62.3Daytime cloud / land properties, cloud particle size, vegetation, snow cover Channel 73.9Surface and clouds, low clouds and fog at night, fires and hot spots, winds Channel 86.2High level atmospheric water vapour, turbulence, winds, rainfall Channel 96.9Mid level atmospheric water vapour, winds, rainfall Channel 107.3Lower level water vapour, winds, rainfall, sulphur dioxide Channel 118.6Total water for stability, cloud phase, dust,sulphur dioxide, rainfall Channel 129.6Total ozone, turbulence, winds Channel 1310.4Surface features, clouds, Tropical Cyclone intensity (Dvorak) Channel 1411.2Sea surface temperature, clouds, convective cloud top signatures, rainfall, volcanic ash detection, winds. Channel 1512.4Total water, volcanic ash detection, sea surface temperature Channel 1613.3Air temperature, cloud heights and amounts, volcanic ash height Himawari-8 channels – water vapour channels

17. Utilising the extra channels in Himawari 8/9. The water vapour channels Water Vapour bands – weighting functions 6.2 µ m 6.9 µ m 7.3 µ m Image courtesy CIMSS (UW Madison / NOAA) Northern Hemisphere Winter at Satellite Nadir Himawari synthetic images from "A Correspondence Analysis of VIS and IR bands between MTSAT Imager and Himawari-8/9 AHI T.Kurino JMA/MSC ABI bands 8 (6.2 µm), 9 (6.9 µm), and 10 (7.3 µm)

18. T V N Mountain wave event, Southeast Australia, 12 May 2015 image courtesy JMA/BOM N = New South Wales V = Victoria T = Tasmania image courtesy University of Wyoming

19. image courtesy JMA/BOM Mountain wave event, Southeast Australia, 12 May 2015 and SIGMET (SIGMET area in white)

20. This Mountain Wave Event affected the Australian States of Victoria, Tasmania and south-eastern New South Wales. The Mean Sea Level pattern shows a vigorous west south westerly flow on the northern flank of a deep low pressure system located in the Southern Ocean to the south of Tasmania. The 00UTC sounding of Melbourne Airport and the SIGMET and SIGMET area are shown on the preceding slides. Note that the SIGMET forecasts severe turbulence from the surface to FL100 or 10000 ft. The location of the Great Dividing Range and the Tasmanian Mountains are shown by the white triangles. On the following slide is shown the Melbourne sounding with the approximate height of the Great Dividing Range annotated as a brown triangle. Criteria for trapped and untrapped mountain waves are shown. Please determine if the resulting Mountain Waves are likely to be trapped or untrapped. Mountain wave event, Southeast Australia, 12 May 2015

21. Possible trapped or untrapped mountain waves Image courtesy University of Wyoming Trapped Waves Wind increasing with height above the height of the ridge If wind at 2000 meters (6000 ft) above the ridge height is 1.6 times greater than at ridge height. Occurs within or below a highly statically stable layer where stability decreases with height. An inversion will help Untrapped Waves A deeply stable environment Wind decreasing with height above the barrier Wind at ridgetop (875hPa) = 265/33 Wind 6000ft above ridgetop (700hPa) = 260/64

22. MODIS image 12 th May 00UTC (7.3 micron channel) Melbourne We acknowledge the use of Rapid Response imagery from the Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) system operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. Image courtesy University of Wyoming

23. MODIS image 12 th May 00UTC (6.2 micron channel) Melbourne We acknowledge the use of Rapid Response imagery from the Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) system operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. Image courtesy University of Wyoming

24. Questions What brightness temperatures are obtained from the same cross section in the MODIS infrared window channels at 11 and 12 microns? Why are the water vapour brightness temperatures corresponding to the mountain waves over southeast Australia as observed in the satellite imagery of 00UTC on the 12 May 2015 so much colder than the brightness temperature corresponding to the inversion at 725hPa? Can the water vapour channels be used to determine the elevation of the mountain waves?

25. MODIS image 12 th May 00UTC (10.8 micron channel) Melbourne We acknowledge the use of Rapid Response imagery from the Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) system operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. 274K Towering Cu 263-266K Image courtesy University of Wyoming

26. MODIS image 12 th May 00UTC (12.0 micron channel) Melbourne We acknowledge the use of Rapid Response imagery from the Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) system operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. Image courtesy University of Wyoming

27. The Melbourne sounding analysed in detail (1) Image courtesy University of Wyoming

28. The Melbourne sounding analysed in detail (2) To understand this result better the Melbourne sounding as shown on the previous page with the pressure intervals corresponding to significant moisture content highlighted. This can be summarised as follows: At altitudes below 725hPa the sounding is saturated / near saturated with a relative humidity between 83 and 99 percent. This layer would be opaque to the 6.7 and 7.3 micron radiation corresponding to the MODIS water vapour channels. A dry layer (relative humidity less than 10 percent, mixing ratio less than 0.25g/kg) between 713 and 539hPa. Radiation at 6.7 and 7.3 microns emanating from the moist layer below would be able to transmit through this layer with little attenuation. A moist layer (relative humidity greater than 10 percent, mixing ratio greater than 0.25g/kg, though less than 1g/kg) between 539 and 487hPa. Some radiation at 6.7 and 7.3 microns upwelling from lower altitudes will be absorbed by this layer. Some radiation at these wavelengths may be generated in this layer though this will depend on the weighting functions of the 6.7 and 7.3 micron radiation for this sounding.

29. The Melbourne sounding analysed in detail (3) Above 487hPa there is a deep layer (430-189hPa) with relative humidity greater than 10 percent but the mixing ratio is well below 0.25g/kg. Note that the above detailed information has been obtained from the University of Wyoming / College of Atmospheric Sciences website at http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html The above observations indicate that the radiation received by the satellite in the 6.7 and 7.3micron water vapour channels will contain a signal from the top of the inversion and also from the layer between 539 and 487 microns. Additional important information that needs to be considered are the weighting functions of the 6.7 and 7.3 micron radiation for this sounding. This will show at what altitudes the radiation will be emitted for each water vapour channel. It will also show the brightness temperature measured by the satellite at the designated water vapour channel for this sounding.

30. Comparing the Melbourne sounding with a similar overseas sounding (1) Melbourne sounding of 00UTC 12 th May 2015 compared to the Campo Grande (Brazil) sounding of 00UTC 26 th June 2015.

31. Comparing the Melbourne sounding with a similar overseas sounding (2) The GOES-13 weighing functions for the 7.4 micron water vapour channel (red) and the 6.5 micron water vapour channel (blue) for the Campo Grande (Brazil) sounding of 00UTC 26 th June 2015. from the CIMSS web page at http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/wf/http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/wf/

32. Comparing the Melbourne sounding with a similar overseas sounding (3) On the previous slide is a comparison between the Melbourne sounding with a Brazilian sounding (Campo Grande) which indicates a similar moisture distribution. Important features in both soundings include: A moist layer (mixing ratio >1g/kg, generally in the range 5-10 g/kg) below 700hPa A moist layer (mixing ratio >0.25g/kg) above this to about 500hPa A dry layer in-between the two Note that the weighting functions for the GOES-13 6.5 and 7.4 micron water vapour channels for Campo Grande as shown on the previous slide display a "double-peak". Note that the brightness temperatures are 249K and 268K respectively. These temperatures are much colder than the brightness temperature at the 715hPa inversion (277K). This compares well with our findings for the Melbourne Mountain Wave case study as shown here.

33. Summary of the Melbourne Mountain Wave case study The brightness temperatures derived from the MODIS 6.7 and 7.3 water vapour channels in the Melbourne case study of the 12 th May 2015 have contributions from the top of the inversion at 725hPa and also from the moist layer above this, at between 539 and 487hPa. This result will make it more difficult to determine the altitude of the mountain waves and the associated turbulence. On the other hand, using a number of water vapour channels, such as the 6.7 and 7.3 micron channels above will give a qualitative indication of the depth of the mountain waves. That is because the two channels will have different weighting functions with a corresponding radiation from different levels in the atmosphere. To better determine the altitude of mountain waves, it would be useful to use satellite imagery, soundings and high resolution NWP. Synthetic satellite imagery as obtained from this high resolution NWP would be useful in simulating the mountain wave patterns in the water vapour channels. For more information on this check out the reference on the last slide.

34. Some work by one of our Bureau Forecasters (Jordan Notara) Vertical Velocity, potential temperature and wind, lee Plume Cloud, 8 th June 2015 UP DOWN Image courtesy J.Notara (BOM) Canberra model sounding 02UTC

35. Some work by one of our Bureau Forecasters (Jordan Notara) Vertical Velocity, potential temperature and wind, lee Plume Cloud, 8 th June 2015 This example was kindly contributed by Jordan Notara, a Forecaster as the Bureau of Meteorology. This shows how the Visual Weather visualisation software can be used to assist in determining the vertical extent of significant upward and downward motion associated with lee waves. The event shows the transverse banding of clouds characteristic of mountain waves in the lee of the ranges north of Canberra. A lee "Plume cloud" can be seen to the east of Canberra and the cross section in white cuts across this. The model sounding shows an inversion at 4000 ft which is approximately twice the height of the topography as shown in the black cross section. Winds through the depth of the lower and mid levels of the atmosphere is approximately the same speed (~45 knots) in a westerly direction. The Potential temperature and the vertical velocity fields in the cross section cleary shows the untrapped nature of this lee wave, with the strong downward component just to the lee of the range and a strong upward component downstream. The Plume Cloud is a result of the upward movement and the moist layer near the tropopause.

36. Some work by one of our Bureau Forecasters (Jordan Notara) Vertical Velocity, potential temperature and wind, lee Plume Cloud, 8 th June 2015 As Jordan mentioned in his email correspondence: "My hopes for the future would be to utilise the IR satellite temperature, to map the fluctuation of temperature over a cross-section and verify it against NWP model data". Comparison with water vapour imagery for particular soundings would also be useful.

37. Summary Have gained a better understanding of the effective Forecaster use of the visible, near infrared, shortwave infrared and water vapour channels of Himawari-8 Have gained a basic knowledge how products useful for Fire Weather monitoring and nowcasting can be derived from selected visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared channels. Have gained a basic knowledge and understanding how multiple water vapour channel data may be used for the detection and nowcasting of Mountain Waves. Have gained a basic understanding of the limitations in the water vapour channels in determining the altitude of Mountain waves.

38. References Feltz et al. 2009; "Understanding Satellite-Observed Mountain-Wave Signatures using High-Resolution Numerical Model data" Weather and Forecasting, Volume 24, February 2009. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/2008WAF2222127.1