1. Project X: Technology, Perspectives, and Applications Steve Holmes on behalf of the Project X Team IEEE-Nuclear Science Symposium Anaheim, CA November 2, 2012

2. What is Project X? http://projectx.fnal.gov An opportunity to create the foremost Intensity Frontier facility in the world…  multi-MW proton beams at energies ranging from 1 – 120 GeV Unique ability to provide high beam power, high duty factor, independent beam formats to multiple experiments simultaneously Capitalizing on the rapid development of superconducting rf technology Undertaken by an international collaboration NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes2

3. The Intensity Frontier NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes3

4. The Intensity Frontier Loops Example: The lowest order loop diagram for the electromagnetic interaction of a charged particle(s) –X charged and X neutral can be any known/unknown particles, of any mass This diagram could represent a contribution to any of the following: –g-2, electric dipole moment, charged lepton flavor violation NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes4

5. The Intensity Frontier Effective Energy Reach NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes5  Beam Power is the performance metric of the Intensity Frontier 8 kW 1 MW Courtesy: Y. Grossman, Project X Physics Study (PXPS)

6. The Landscape M Seidel, PSI Project-X NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes6

7. The Landscape x Duty Factor * * * PSI TRIUMF power Stopped/Slow kaon yield/Watt * Beam power x Duty Factor Project-X CW-Linac NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes7

8. Science Opportunities Neutrino experiments A high-power proton source with proton energies between 1 and 120 GeV would produce intense neutrino sources and beams illuminating near detectors on the Fermilab site and massive detectors at distant underground laboratories. Kaon, muon, nuclei & neutron precision experiments These could include world leading experiments searching for muon-to-electron conversion, nuclear and neutron electron dipole moments (edms), precision measurement of neutron properties and world-leading precision measurements of ultra-rare kaon decays. Platform for evolution to a Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Neutrino Factory and Muon-Collider concepts depend critically on developing high intensity proton source technologies. Material Science and Nuclear Energy Applications Accelerator, spallation, target and transmutation technology demonstrations which could investigate and develop accelerator technologies important to the design of future nuclear waste transmutation systems and future thorium fuel-cycle power systems. Possible applications of muon Spin Resonance techniques (muSR). as a sensitive probes of the magnetic structure of materials. NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes8 4

9. Science Opportunities: CP Violation Neutrinos: 200% increase in LBNE statistics. Electric dipole moments: up to x10 6 increase in reach –Proton, –Muon –Neutron –Atomic NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 9 LBNE

10. Science Opportunities: Rare Kaon Decays Beyond Standard Model Probes  K +    : >1000 events, Precision rate and form factor.  K L     1000 events, enabled by high flux & precision TOF.  K +      : Measurement of T- violating muon polarization.  K +    x : Search for anomalous heavy neutrinos.  K 0    e  e   10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  K 0         10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  …and more NSS, Nov 2012 - S. HolmesPage 10

11. Science Opportunities: Nuclear Physics NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes11

12. Project Goals Mission Elements A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments –2 MW proton source at 60-120 GeV MW-class low energy proton beams for kaon, muon, neutrino, and nuclei based precision experiments –Operations simultaneous with the neutrino program A path toward a muon source for possible future Neutrino Factory and/or a Muon Collider –Requires ~4 MW at ~5-15 GeV Possible missions beyond particle physics –Energy applications NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 12

13. as;lkjfda;lskdjf;salkjfd Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory / SNS SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Cornell University Michigan State University ILC/Americas Regional Team Bhaba Atomic Research Center Raja Ramanna Center of Advanced Technology Variable Energy Cyclotron Center Inter University Accelerator Center 1 MW @ 1 GeV 3 MW @ 3 GeV 200 kW @ 8 GeV 2 MW @ 120 GeV 13

14. Reference Design Scope 3 GeV CW superconducting H- linac with 1 mA average beam current. –Flexible provision for variable beam structures to multiple users –Supports rare processes programs at 3 GeV –Provision for 1 GeV extraction for materials and nuclear energy programs 3-8 GeV pulsed linac capable of delivering 300 kW at 8 GeV –Supports the neutrino program –Establishes a path toward a muon based facility Upgrades to the Recycler and Main Injector to provide ≥ 2 MW to the neutrino production target at 60-120 GeV.  Utilization of a CW linac creates a facility that is unique in the world, with performance that cannot be matched in a synchrotron-based facility. NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes14

15. Reference Design Performance Goals NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy3.0GeV Average Beam Current1mA Linac pulse rateCW Beam Power to 1 GeV program1000kW Beam Power to 3 GeV program2870kW Pulsed Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy8.0GeV Pulse rate10Hz Pulse Width4.3msec Cycles to Recycler/MI6 Particles per cycle to Recycler/MI2.7  10 13 Beam Power340kW Beam Power to 8 GeV program170kW Main Injector/Recycler Beam Kinetic Energy (maximum)120GeV Cycle time1.2sec Particles per cycle1.5  10 14 Beam Power at 120 GeV2400kW 15 simultaneous

16. Operating Scenarios CW Linac NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 16 1  sec period at 3 GeV Muon pulses (17e7) 80 MHz, 100 nsec700 kW Kaon pulses (17e7) 20 MHz1540 kW Nuclear pulses (17e7) 10 MHz770 kW Separation scheme Ion source and RFQ operate at 4.4 mA 77% of bunches are chopped @ 2.1 MeV  maintain 1 mA over 1  sec Transverse rf splitter 1  sec

17. Staging Opportunities Staging principles –Significant physics opportunities at each stage –Cost of each stage substantially <$1B –Utilize existing infrastructure to the extent possible at each stage –Achieve full Reference Design capabilities at end of final stage Four stage plan developed and presented to DOE/OHEP Physics opportunities documented in a number of whitepapers and workshops –Physics Opportunities with Stage 1 of Project X www.fnal.gov/directorate/lbne_reconfiguration –2012 Project X Physics Study indico.fnal.gov/event/pxps12 –PX Forum on Spallation Sources for Particle Physics indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=5372 –PX Muon Spin Rotation Forum indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=6025 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 17

18. Staged Physics Program * Operating point in range depends on MI energy for neutrinos. ** Operating point in range is depends on MI injector slow-spill duty factor (df) for kaon program. 18 Program: NO A + Proton Improvement Plan Stage-1: 1 GeV CW Linac driving Booster & Muon, n/edm programs Stage-2: Upgrade to 3 GeV CW Linac Stage-3: Project X RDR Stage-4: Beyond RDR: 8 GeV power upgrade to 4MW MI neutrinos 470-700 kW**515-1200 kW** 1200 kW2450 kW 2450-4000 kW 8 GeV Neutrinos15 kW + 0-50 kW**0-42 kW* + 0-90 kW**0-84 kW*0-172 kW*3000 kW 8 GeV Muon program e.g, (g-2), Mu2e-1 20 kW0-20 kW* 0-172 kW* 1000 kW 1-3 GeV Muon program, e.g. Mu2e-2 -----80 kW1000 kW Kaon Program 0-30 kW** (<30% df from MI) 0-75 kW** (<45% df from MI) 1100 kW1870 kW Nuclear edm ISOL program none0-900 kW 0-1000 kW Ultra-cold neutron program none 0-900 kW 0-1000 kW Nuclear technology applications none0-900 kW 0-1000 kW # Programs: 4 8 8 8 8 Total max power: 735 kW 2222 kW 4284 kW 6492 kW 11870kW Project X Campaign NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes

19. Staged Siting Plan Most straight forward implementation is via the Reference Design siting Alternative sitings based on “parking lot” linac to west of existing linac enclosure –~$50M savings Other alternatives under development. Issues: –Cost minimization in initial stage –Implementation of Stages 2-4 –Connections to Muon Campus NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes19

20. R&D Program Goal is to mitigate risk: technical, cost, and schedule Primary R&D program elements: –Primary technical risk element is the front end CW ion source/RFQ Wideband chopping with high (1×10 -4 ) extinction rate (Low-  ) acceleration through superconducting resonators with minimal halo formation MEBT beam absorber (>8 kW) –Development of an H- injection system –Superconducting rf development Cavities, cryomodules, rf sources – CW to long-pulse –High Power targetry –Upgrade paths: Multi-MW low energy neutrinos and Muon Collider –All of these elements are required at Stage 1 Goal is to complete R&D phase by the end of 2017 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 20

21. Project X Injector Experiment PXIE PXIE is the centerpiece of the PX R&D program –Integrated systems test for Project X front end components Validate the concept for the Project X front end, thereby minimizing the primary technical risk element within the Reference Design. Operate at full Project X design parameters Systems test goals –1 mA average current with 80% chopping of beam delivered from RFQ –Efficient acceleration with minimal emittance dilution through ~30 MeV –Achieve in 2016 PXIE should utilize components constructed to PX specifications wherever possbile –Opportunity to re-utilize selected pieces of PXIE in PX/Stage 1 Collaboration between Fermilab, ANL, LBNL, SLAC, India NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 21

22. PXIE Program PXIE will address the address/measure the following: –Ion source lifetime –LEBT pre-chopping –Vacuum management in the LEBT/RFQ region –Validation of chopper performance –Kicker extinction –Effectiveness of MEBT beam absorber –MEBT vacuum management –Operation of HWR in close proximity to 10 kW absorber –Operation of SSR with beam –Emittance preservation and beam halo formation through the front end RFQ MEBT HWR SSR1 Dump LEBT LBNL, FNAL FNAL, SLAC ANL FNAL 32 m, 30 MeV NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes22

23. SRF R&D Technology Map NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes SectionFreqEnergy (MeV)Cav/mag/CMType HWR (  G =0.1) 162.52.1-108/8/1HWR, solenoid SSR1 (  G =0.22) 32510-4216/10/ 2SSR, solenoid SSR2 (  G =0.47) 32542-16036/20/4SSR, solenoid LB 650 (  G =0.61) 650160-46042 /14/75-cell elliptical, doublet HB 650 (  G =0.9) 650460-3000152/19/195-cell elliptical, doublet ILC 1.3 (  G =1.0) 13003000-8000224 /28 /289-cell elliptical, quad 23  =0.11  =0.22  =0.4  =0.61  =0.9 325 MHz 10-160 MeV  =1.0 1.3 GHz 3-8 GeV 650 MHz 0.16-3 GeV CW Pulsed 162.5 MHz 2.1-10 MeV Stage 1

24. 162.5 and 325 MHz Cavities HWR (  G = 0.11 ) Half Wave Resonator –Cavity design complete; parts on order –Cryomodule design underway –Similar to cavities & CM already manufactured by ANL SSR1 (  G = 0.22 ) Single Spoke Resonator –Initiated under HINS program → more advanced –8 prototype cavities to date 4 tested as bare cavities at 2K –All meet PX spec One dressed and tested at 4.8K SSR2(  G = 0.47 ) Single Spoke Resonator –EM design complete –Mechanical design in progress 24 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes

25. SSR1 Performance NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes25 Bare cavity at 2 K

26. 650 MHz Cavities For purposes of cryogenic system design, the dynamic heat load limited to 250 W at 2K per cryomodule <35W per cavity (  G = 0.61) and <25W per cavity (  G = 0.9) Q0 = 1.7E10 Multiple single cells received from JLab and industry  =0.9, AES  =0.6/JLab Five-cell design complete for  G = 0.9 cavities –Four 5-cell  G = 0.9 cavities on order from AES; two expected in FY12 26 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes

27. 650 MHz Single Cell Performance (JLab,  =0.6 ) NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes27

28. 1300 MHz Development for ILC and PX Goals: ILC SRF goals S0 >35 MV/m bare cavities S1 31.5 MV/m dressed cavities in a ILC Cryomodule S2 Beam test of full ILC RF unit (CM, klystron, modulator) Build and test ~ 1 CM/yr  All of this will benefit the 3-8 GeV pulsed linac for Project X Accomplishments: –18 dressed cavities CM2 populated with 35 MV/m cavities >8 good cavities tested in VTS for CM3 –Parts for 4 more 1.3 GHz cryomodules ( ARRA funds) –Cost reduction (e.g. tumbling vs. EP, & cavity repair) 28 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes

29. NML: RF Unit Test Facility 29 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 1st Cryomodule tests complete

30. Centrifugal Barrel Polishing Multi-step process for elliptical cavities using multiple sets of media Potential for up to 4 cavity-cycles per week NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes30 C. Cooper Recipe Media

31. Centrifugal Barrel Polishing 9-Cell Results NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes31 Demonstrated cavity gradients > 35 MV/M Drastic reductions in acid use. Demonstrated as a cavity repair method. Previously limited here ACC015 Before CBP After CBP and 40  m EP

32. Nitrate Surface Layer Early result, but a potential game changer for SRF CW applications! 32 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes

33. Final Assembly HTS VTS String Assembly MP9 Clean Room VTS Vacuum Oven Cavity tuning machine FNAL SRF infrastructure VTS2 Dewar NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes33

34. FNAL SRF Infrastructure Strategy: Provide SRF infrastructure at FNAL that is hard for industry to build Planned infrastructure either complete & operational or well into construction NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 34

35. Project X Status and Strategy Project X strategy is strongly tied to the overall DOE Intensity Frontier Strategy –LBNE: Staging plan, with Stage 1 CD-1 review this week –Project X and LBNE stages interleaved Significant DOE investment in Project X related technologies Emphasis on defining the physics research opportunities at all stages –Recent physics workshops (slide 17) –Snowmass 2013 in planning stages (DPF) A significant contribution from India is a strong possibility –DOE-DAE Joint Collaboration Meeting in June 2012 outlined possibilities (sponsored by US State Department) R&D complete in 2017 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes35

36. Summary http://projectx.fnal.gov Project-X represents a staged evolution of the best assets of the Fermilab accelerator complex, enabled by the revolution in super- conducting RF technology. Each Stage of Project-X will raise many boats of the Intensity Frontier in particle physics, with a program scope of more than 20 world-leading particle physics experiments. A multi-MW high energy proton accelerator is a national resource, with potential application that goes beyond particle physics –We are engaging the potential user communities, beyond HEP, who would benefit from access to high power proton beams The near term focused R&D for Project X is PXIE; this effort in parallel with continuing critical SRF development could support a staged construction start for Project X as early as 2017. 36 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes

37. Backup NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes37

38. Performance by Stage projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=1061 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes38

39. Performance by Stage projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=1061 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes39

40. Chopper R&D Kicker –Two versions are being pursued: 50 and 200 Ohm –Each version must fit into a 65-cm drift: 2 pairs 25-cm long, 16 mm gap Kicker driver –Broad-band, 500 V, ~2 ns rise/fall time, 30 MHz average pulse rate –AC-coupled rf amplifier (50-Ohm) or DC-coupled pulser (200-Ohm) Beam absorber –20 kW max. dissipated beam power –Issues: high power density, sputtering, high gas load PASI Jan 13, 2013 - S. NagaitsevPage 40

41. Kicker R&D PASI Jan 13, 2013 - S. NagaitsevPage 41 Ground plate 50 Ohm structure 200 Ohm helical structure

42. PXIE @ CMTF NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes42

43. Energy Gain NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 43 Stage 1 SRF Acceleration Parameters Stage 1 Beam Power

44. Collaboration Activities Two MOUs covering the RD&D Phase National IIFC ANLORNL/SNSBARC/Mumbai BNLPNNLIUAC/Delhi CornellTJNAFRRCAT/Indore FermilabSLACVECC/Kolkata LBNLILC/ART MSU Informal collaboration/contacts with CERN/SPL, ESS China/ADS, UK, Korea/RISP Potential for significant in-kind contribution from India NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes44

45. NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 45 A Partial Menu of World Class Science Enabled by Project-X Neutrino Physics:  Mass Hierarchy  CP violation  Precision measurement of the  23 (atmospheric mixing). Maximal??  Anomalous interactions, e.g.    probed with target emulsions (Madrid Neutrino NSI Workshop, Dec 2009)  Search for sterile neutrinos, CP & CPT violating effects in next generation e, e  X experiments….x3 beam power @ 120 GeV, x10-x20 power @ 8 GeV.  Next generation precision cross section measurements. LBNE campaign is a candidate Day-1 program

46. NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 46 Kaon Physics :  K +    : >1000 events, Precision rate and form factor.  K L     1000 events, enabled by high flux & precision TOF.  K +      : Measurement of T-violating muon polarization.  K +    x : Search for anomalous heavy neutrinos.  K 0    e  e   10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  K 0         10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  K 0  X : Precision study of a pure K 0 interferometer: Reaching out to the Plank scale (  m K /m K ~ 1/m P )  K 0,K +  LFV : Next generation Lepton Flavor Violation experiments …and more ORKA is a candidate Day-1 experiment A Partial Menu of World Class Science Enabled by Project-X

47. NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 47 Muon Physics:  Next generation muon-to-electron conversion experiment, new techniques for higher sensitivity and/or other nuclei.  Next generation (g-2)  if motivated by next round, theory, LHC. New techniques proposed to JPARC that are beam-power hungry…   edm    3e    e     e +    A   + A’ ;   A  e + A’ ;   e - (A)  e - e - (A)  Systematic study of radiative muon capture on nuclei. Mu2e upgrade is a candidate Day-1 experiment A Partial Menu of World Class Science Enabled by Project-X

48. Staging Options Stage 1 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 48 Scope –1 GeV CW linac injecting into upgraded Booster –Connection to Muon Campus –Possible new EDM/Neutron campus (1 GeV) Performance –Main Injector: up to 1.2 MW at 120 GeV, 0.9 MW at 60 GeV –Muon Campus: >80 kW to Mu2e @ 1GeV –EDM/Neutron Campus: up to 900 kW @ 1 GeV –8 GeV Program: up to 42 kW Utilization of the existing complex –Booster, Main Injector and Recycler (with PIP) –NuMI (upgraded) or LBNE target system –Muon Campus –400 MeV Linac retired – eliminates major reliability risk

49. Staging Options Stage 2 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 49 Scope –Upgrade 1 GeV linac to 2 mA, still injecting into Booster –1-3 GeV CW linac –20 Hz Booster upgrade –3 GeV Campus Performance –Main Injector: up to 1.2 MW at 60-120 GeV –3 GeV Campus: 3 MW –EDM/Neutron Campus: 1 MW @t 1 GeV –8 GeV program: up to 84 kW Utilization of the existing complex –Booster, Main Injector and Recycler (with PIP) –NuMI (upgraded) or LBNE target system

50. Staging Options Stage 3 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes 50 Scope –3-8 GeV pulsed linac –Main Injector Recycler upgrades –Short baseline neutrino facility/experiment Performance –Main Injector: 2.4 MW at 60-120 GeV –3 GeV Campus: 2.9 MW –EDM/Neutron Campus: 1 MW @t 1 GeV –8 GeV program: up to 170 kW Utilization of the existing complex –Main Injector and Recycler –LBNE beamline/target –8 GeV Booster retired – eliminates major reliability risk

51. Staging Options Stage 4 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes51 Scope – beyond the Reference Design –Current upgrade of CW and pulsed linac: 5 mA x 10% DF –Main Injector/Recycler upgrades –LBNE target upgrade –Step toward a NF or MC Performance –Main Injector: 4 MW at 60-120 GeV –3 GeV Campus: 2.7 MW –EDM/Neutron Campus: 1 MW @t 1 GeV –8 GeV program: 3-4 MW (Requires an accumulator ring for low duty factor) Utilization of the existing complex –Main Injector and Recycler –LBNE beamline/target

52. Performance by Stage projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=1061 NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes52

53. PXIE Status Whitepaper available describing rationale, goals, plan –Shared with DOE http://projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=966 Technical Review March 6-7 https://indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=5278 Preferred location identified (CMTF) Cost estimate /funding plan allowing completion of the full scope of PXIE in 2016 –Requires maintenance of Project X and SRF budgets at FY12 levels DOE has requested that we organize and execute PXIE as a “project”, not a “Project” –Organization Chart –Program Design Handbook –Resource Loaded Schedule –DOE oversight Periodic reporting Periodic review NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes53

54. Optimum proton beam energy COMET - Mu2E 54 S. Striganov et al, MARS15 Project-X Physics Study Yield / Watt

55. Mu2e pulse timing Courtesy COMET 55

56. 56 Courtesy D. Hitlin, PXPS

57. Choice of Cavity Parameters NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes57 Example: SNS, 805 MHz, β=0.81  E acc = 15.6 MV/m; Q o ~1.7∙10 10 @ 2 K 70 mT CW Linac assumptions: 162.5 MHzB pk < 60mT 325 MHz B pk < 70mT 650 MHz B pk < 70mT 1300 MHz B pk < 80mT

58. SRF Plan Cavities & Cryomodules NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes58

59. SRF Plan Infrastructure NSS, Nov 2012 - S. Holmes59