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Published byRodger McGee Modified over 8 years ago
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Meeting Nutritional Needs of Animals
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Interest Approach Have corn, soybean meal, and hay in class. Ask students to list similarities/differences between three types of feed. List similarities and differences on board.
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Student Learning Objectives Explain functions of feed. Identify various feed types and their characteristics. Explain how animals are fed.
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What are Nutrients? Parts of feed which provide for body functions Carbohydrates (CHO) Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
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What foods give energy? Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO Energy is major part of a feed ration Up to 90% of a ration for a steer Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)
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What are Proteins? Made of amino acids Ruminants can make some proteins Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids Used to build muscle, body tissue
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What are Minerals? Natural elements which regulate certain body functions Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co Most are trace minerals
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What are vitamins? Compounds responsible for certain functions Fat Soluble = A, D, E, K Water Soluble = B, C
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Terms Animal Proteins Basal Maintenance Requirement Concentrates Feed Feedstuff Fetus Forages Free Access Gestation Growth High-Energy Concentrates High-Protein Concentrates Lactation Legume
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Terms Maintenance Nodules Nonlegume Roughages Palatability Roughages Scheduled Feeding Supplement Tankage Vegetable Proteins
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Functions of feeds: Maintenance: keeping body constant. – An alive animal requires energy. – Basal maintenance requirement.
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Maintenance Diet Continued: Mainly carbohydrates + fats. Small amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins. About 50 % of diet is for maintenance. CarbohydratesFats
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Functions of feeds: Growth Increase in muscles, bones, internal organs, and other parts – Requires mostly energy. – Very high carbohydrates and fats
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Functions of feeds: Reproduction Most reproductive failures are due to poor nutrition in female.
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Reproduction Continue: o Typically includes more protein, minerals, and vitamins. o Mainly last 3 months of gestation - fetus grows most o Poor nutrition also affects males: lower sperm production+fertility rates
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Functions of feeds: Lactation Even higher levels of protein, calcium, and phosphorus than reproduction.
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Functions of feeds: Work – draft animals, racehorses, hunting dogs….. – Increased carbohydrates and fats.
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Feedstuff -ingredient used in making animal feed
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Roughages – feeds containing >18 percent CF when dry. – Mainly leaves and stems – AKA forages
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Two Groups of Forages Legume: plant that can take nitrogen from air. – Specialized root parts…nodules, contain bacteria that aid in process. – Clovers, alfalfa, soybeans, trefoil, lespedeza, peas, beans
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Two Groups of Forages Nonlegume: cannot use nitrogen from air – Usually lower in protein than legumes – Examples: corn silage, fodders, bluegrass, timothy, redtop, bromegrass, orchard grass, fescue, and prairie grasses.
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Feeds can be placed into three basic categories: Concentrates - Contain <18 percent CF when dry – Usually high in energy – Higher producing animals need nutrients from concentrates.
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Concentrates High-energy concentrates: contain < 20 percent CP – corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye,oats
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Concentrates High-protein concentrates: contain >20 percent protein – SBM, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal
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Feeds can be placed into three basic categories: Supplements -feed material high in specific nutrient. Provide flavor, color, or texture to increase palatability or effectiveness. Palatability: ease of consumption Salt, Mineral, molasses, vitamins, protein others
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Supplement Animal proteins -Supplements coming from animals or animal by-products. – tankage, meat scraps, meat and bone meal, fish meal, and blood meal. – Tankage: animal tissues/bones from animal processing facilities and rendering plants that are cooked, dried, and ground – What is current law???
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Supplement Vegetable Proteins - Protein supplements from plants – SBOM, peanut oil meal, corn gluten feed.
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Three Categories Roughages/Forages – Leguminous – Non leguminous Concentrates – High energy – High protein Supplements
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What are some ways to feed animals? Two basic methods: – free access / free choice / ad libitum – scheduled feeding
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Free Access / Free Choice – Feed is available at all times
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Free Access Method good for some species with some feedstuffs but not others. – Can feed swine concentrates free access because they will not overeat. – Cattle should not be fed concentrates free access..they may overeat and possibly founder and die
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Scheduled Feeding Feed at certain times of day – Feeding times and regularity based on needs of animal or management practice
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Review / Summary What are the functions of feed? What are the various feed types? What are some ways to feed animals?
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How is a ration balanced? Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one nutrient i.e. protein How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?
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Pearson Square
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Soybean Meal = 3 parts Barley = 28 parts Total Parts = 31 Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10% Barley = 28/31 or 90% If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#, Barley = 1800#
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