1. Biological attributes and traits workshop of the European Marine Observation and Data Network Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 13/12/2012

2. Outline workshop Introduction and objectives (30’) EMODnet, EMODnet Biology and EMODnet data workshops Workshop objectives Introductionary presentations and exisiting initiatives (1.30h) Tom Webb: gaps, biases and added value of biological trait information Harvey Tyler Walters, MBA: The BIOTIC example Mark Costello: marine classifications for ecological data Adrian Glover: A new functional trait classification for deep-sea fauna Overview available information in WoRMS (30’) Discussions (3.00h) Best suitable classification system(s) to use Identify gaps in WoRMS List of priorities Implement data grant system to collect information

3. Introduction: Background EMODnet European Commission: An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union (2007) Key: Consider all aspects of the oceans and seas in a holistic, integrated Governance framework Cross-sectoral tools … a source of Data and Information for decision-making promote the multi-dimensional mapping of Member States' waters European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODNet)

4.  An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union  Address whole chain “from observation to information”  Need to unlock access to existing data AND fill existing gaps  Complementary to other initiatives Data Management EMODNET as a system of systems Organize a common data management approach accepted by all actors to ensure that data are available to all Interoperability by adopting EU-INSPIRE principles Background EMODnet

5. 2009-2012: Preparatory actions EMODNET- Assemble fragmented and inaccessible marine data into interoperable, contiguous and publicly available data streams for complete maritime basins. define the appropriate processes, best technology and approximate costs of a final EMODNET provide first components of a final system which will be useful to provide value-added services. EMODnet pilot data portals Chemsitry Geology Physics Hydrography Seabed habitats Biology Use OGC/(INSPIRE) standards for interoperability between Portals EMODnet: Preparatory actions (2009-2012)

6. Tender Biological Lot : Temporal/Spatial distribution Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Angiosperms, Macro-algae, Invertebrate bottom fauna, Birds, Sea mammals, Reptiles. Parameters: Abundance, Biomass. Geographic Focus: North Sea incl. Kattegat, Channel; Bay of Biscay, Iberian Coast Proposal Biological Lot: 1. Build on EurOBIS 2. Building data/metadata portal + integrate biological data and data products 3. Gap analysis & data inventory (Leen, next presentation) 4. Identify additional data and possible data products (workshops) 5. Collect data, calculate & analyse data products (workshops) Background EMODnet

7. 2012: new tender: Knowledge base for growth and innovation in ocean economy: assembly and dissemination of marine data for seabed mapping VLIZ coordinated new proposal (submitted 10/09/2012) The biological portal should provide data and metadata on surveys in the water column and on the sea-bed from all species groups, all European waters Creation for each of these species groups, a gridded set of map layers showing the average abundance of the species in a set of time window (seasonal or annual as appropriate). Special attention should be given to those species and communities (habitats) which are protected by EU Directives and international conventions, and those to be used as indicators for Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The level of protection (if appropriate) of a given species should be included The portal should also calculate spatially distributed data products specifically relevant for Marine Strategy Framework Directive Descriptor 2 (non-indigenous species) Temporal/Spatial distribution Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Angiosperms, Macro-algae, Invertebrate bottom fauna, Birds, Sea mammals, Reptiles. Parameters: Abundance, Biomass. Geographic Focus: North Sea incl. Kattegat, Channel; Bay of Biscay, Iberian Coast Proposal Biological Lot: 1. Build on EurOBIS 2. Building data/metadata portal + integrate biological data and data products 3. Gap analysis & data inventory (Leen, next presentation) 4. Identify additional data and possible data products (workshops) 5. Collect data, calculate & analyse data products (workshops) EMODnet second phase (2013-2016)

8. 2012: new tender: Specific work package dealing with species attributes: “WP2: Identification and collection of species, species attributes and species indicator information” Identification and collection of species and species attributes information Lead: Marine Biological Association (MBA) + University Auckland (representing World Register of Marine Species), IFREMER, ICES, SAHFOS, GBIF, MARUM, VLIZ D2.1 List of species tagged with role and importance within MSFD reporting and the linked descriptor for inclusion in ERMS/WoRMS (M6). D2.2.EU-wide assessment of those species and communities identified by national MSFD leads as required for MSFD monitoring and reporting (M18). D2.3: Organization of a data attributes workshop to discuss a standardized vocabulary and prioritize the biological attribute and trait information, in collaboration with WoRMS taxonomic editors (M6). D2.4: Publication of proposed standardized species attributes vocabulary (M24). D2.5: Selected European marine species tagged with relevant species attributes information and available through WoRMS and on the EMODnet biological portal (M36). EMODnet second phase (2013-2016)

9. The data portal system → Based on EurOBIS data system: standards → Uses OBIS scheme for integrating biogeographic data → Linked with global systems (OBIS-IODE/IOC-GBIF) → Taxonomy matched with World Register of Marine Species → Geographic standards: OGC compliant, Marine Regions for geographic names/boundaries

10. 1. The data portal and (new) functionalities http://bio.emodnet.eu/portal http://bio.emodnet.eu/portal →Data querying (taxa; parameters, datasets, layers) 10 EMODnet WoRMS View List Filter Download Metadata Search by species group (cfr tender)Search by species name (scientific, common)

11. The portal functionalities →Taxonomic functionalities (WoRMS) June 9, 2016 11 EMODnet Show map, include child taxa Show map, including synonyms Autocompletion taxonomic search queries

12. The portal functionalities →Data visualization 12 EMODnet Records aggregated: increased performance, overview data density

13. The portal functionalities →Data visualization 13 EMODnet Overview data attributes from EurOBIS

14. 14 http://bio.emodnet.eu/portal Link with WoRMS for taxonomic q.c.

15. 6/9/2016 15 http://bio.emodnet.eu/portal Plot/retrieve observation data (EurOBIS)

16. http://bio.emodnet.eu/portal Plot/retrieve distribution Layer (product) (FAO Map)

17. 17 http://bio.emodnet.eu/portal

18. 2. Data content: growth EurOBIS 18 EMODnet

19. EMODnet Biology workshops EMODnet Biological Data Workshop: Series of workshop to interact with marine biological community initiated/funded by EMODnet Biology Three workshops so far: EMODnet data products workshop (Feb 2010) EMODnet data analysis workshop (Oct 2011) EMODnet attributes workshop (Dec 2012)

20. 20 EMODnet EMODnet Biological data workshops Biological Data Products Workshop: Oostende, 25-26 February 2010 (> 40 partners) Workshop report : recommendations data products Objectives data products workshop: To define a set of derived data products relevant for private bodies, public authorities and researchers Discuss the marine biological (monitoring) data availability in Europe and gaps Present protoype portal to wide(r) community of European Biological Experts and capture feedback

21. Outcome workshop The big question Indices that indicate the status and the future evolution (further degradation/improvement) of marine ecosystems in Europe Assist in managing the future of the sea Using current databases, monitoring programmes and scientific knowledge Data needed Species trait information: functional (e.g. trophic role), structural (e.g. reef- forming), tolerance (e.g. temp. range), body size, diet, feeding method, reproduction timing, fecundity, dispersal, longevity… Special attention for biological structural elements (e.g. Reefs, biogenic habitats) Species presence, abundance, biomass data at different scales Environmental data at different (matching) scales: physical, biogeochemical

22. Outcome workshop Also, special attention should be given to those species and communities (habitats) which are protected by EU Directives and international conventions, and those to be used as indicators or have specific ‘legal’ status Species attributes : species should be categorised using specific attributes like their trophic level, the habitat in which they occur, their life history, if they are invasive, if it’s HAB, if it’s a specific indicator species for OSPAR, the bird or habitat directive. => The ERMS/WoRMS marine species register should be used as the taxonomic backbone for the attributes.

23. EMODnet data products Outcomes products from Biological data product workshop Workshop report available Data products: Species distribution maps and trends full coverage maps for number of key species based on extrapolation and delineation of species occurrence based on environmental parameters species occurence maps with temporal component for species no longer observed (within certain region) or species newly introduced (in certain region), endemic species for european waters,… Biodiversity indices maps with gridded presentation of species richness (es(50), shannon index; simpson index, hill numbers,…) European maps of marine biogegraphic regions by delineating ecological zones maps with biological valuation scores for subzones (grids) combining available data Species attributes functional groups, HAB’s, invasive species, red list or protected species, species relevant to MFSD, HD, BD). Species sensitivity and vulnerability maps maps with occurence of species with high sensitivity to oil pollution, windmill collisions, sand extraction, shell-fishing,....

24. Biological Data Analysis Workshop: Crete, 25-27 October 2011 ( 10 partners) Workshop report 4 Scientific workgroups Presense data (1), Biogeographic areas (2), Invasive species (3), Explain species distributions (4) Uniqueness of integrated database Make usefull products for science, policy Improve, enlarge database 24 EMODnet 4. Biological data workshops

25. (1) Mathematical approach to use presence data to: For calculating probability of occurrence For biodiversity indices (weighted ES50) For calculating absence data (2) Can we distinguish the most biologically meaningfull biogeographic marine classifications instrumental for ecosystem based management, based on our biological observation data June 9, 2016 25 EMODnet 4. Biological data workshops Cluster analysis species composition c-squares: 20% similarity clusters Deneudt et al., in prep.

26. Homogenization of biota due to native species loss and introduction of exotics. Effect invasive on taxonomic distinctness index Link predator (Fulmar, ESAS data), prey (Calanus finmarchicus, CPR) distribution. 26 EMODnet 4. Biological data workshops Effect invasive species on taxnomic diversity (Bulleri et al., in prep.) Predator prey interactions between Fulamars and Clanus (Stienen et al., in prep.)

27. 27 EMODnet Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well-known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology (Tyler et al, 2012: Global Ecol. Biogeogr) Importance of trait information: organism's interactions with its environment and with other organisms are determined by its traits Traits can be linked to ecosystem functioning Linking traits to abundance and distribution patterns: understand large scale patterns Relevant traits Life history (life span, growth rate, body size) Reproduction (egg size fecundity) Feeding Ecology (trophic level, diet) Behaviour (dispersal ability)

28. 28 EMODnet Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well-known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology (Tyler et al, 2012: Global Ecol. Biogeogr) Method: looked at marine fauna associated with seabed around UK Best recorded in OBIS (number of records) CEFAS, CSEMP, MNCR, BIOMOR, Seasearch Monitoring programmes Sources traits from BIOTIC, Hayward & Rayland, Fishbase, the library

29. 29 EMODnet Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well-known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology TraitImportance Body sizeMaximum linear dimension (mm)Key life history and macroecological trait (Gaston & Blackburn, 2000; Hildrew et al., 2007), correlates with other traits, e.g. metabolic rate (Brown et al., 2004), and response to disturbance, e.g. ( DietMajor components of diet (e.g. plankton, detritus, invertebrates, fish) Determines trophic structure, energy flow and nutrient cycling within communities Feeding methodMode of food capture (e.g. grazer, predator, filter feeder) Influences inter-specific interactions, nutrient and energy cycling and predicts response to disturbance Reproductive timing Reproductive frequency (no. of breeding attempts per year); reproductive duration (length of breeding season); reproductive season Determines annual productivity, as well as changes in phenology as a response to climate change (e.g. Edwards & Richardson, 2004) FecundityAnnual fecundity (number of eggs/young produced in a reproductive event); egg size Related to rate of population increase (e.g. Jennings et al., 1998; McGill et al., 2006) and thus to (meta)population dynamics and response to environmental change Larval dispersal Larval development mode (presence of a planktonic larval stage); larval duration (duration of the larval period; scored as 0 for live-bearers) Influences geographic range size (Jablonski, 1986) and the relationship between distribution and abundance (Foggo et al., 2007) Adult dispersal Adult movement method (mode of movement, e.g. crawling, swimming, burrowing, sessile); adult migration (existence of significant post-recruitment horizontal movements outside typical daily movements) Important in determining large-scale colonization and extinction dynamics in response to changing environmental conditions, which is key to structuring macroecological relationships LongevityAdult life span (maximum recorded life span); age at maturity (minimum recorded age at maturity) Influences population dynamics through effects on reproductive strategy and response to disturbance (Jennings et al., 1998)

30. 30 EMODnet Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well-known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology (Tyler et al, 2012: Global Ecol. Biogeogr)

31. 31 EMODnet

32. 32 EMODnet Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well-known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology (Tyler et al, 2012: Global Ecol. Biogeogr) Discussions & Conclusions First assessment of the state of biological knowledge lack of information is startling, with full knowledge for just 9% of the 973. For invertebrates, including familiar and commercially important species such as mussels, oysters, crabs and lobsters, we have no data at all on the biological traits of nearly a quarter of species results to reflect a genuine lack of data on the biological traits of UK marine species, not least because in recent decades basic studies of the biological traits of individual species have seldom been a high research priority Filling gaps in our knowledge will require both additional data collection and development of the statistical techniques for estimating missing trait values. In addition a concerted effort is required to collate existing trait data and to make them available in a standard format

33. Objectives 1.Overview of existing attribute information systems and assess the feasibility of a standardized vocabulary and how to implement 2.Present existing information in WoRMS and identify gaps 3.Make priority list of most appropriate attributes and traits, based on importance, feasibility and resources (sources of information, time and experts) 4.Work out a data grant system and identify projects for funding

34. 2012: new tender: WP2: Identification and collection of species, species attributes and species indicator information Lead: Marine Biological Association (MBA) + University Auckland (representing World Register of Marine Species), IFREMER, ICES, SAHFOS, GBIF, MARUM, VLIZ Objectives: The general aim of this work package is to streamline the data and data products that will be collated and created during the project, in line with the priorities that are developed under EU Directives and international conventions. This will be done through the maintenance of an operational link between the Working Group on Data, Information and Knowledge Exchange (WG-DIKE) established under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the EMODnet Biology project. The link will be met by identifying and focusing on the relevant species, communities, indicators and data types identified under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Furthermore, this work package will extend its work to collect and store information on different managerial, functional, and structural species attributes in a structured and accessible manner. This is to ensure that the resulting information can be integrated into the querying tools of the EMODnet Biology portal increasing the portals performance for targeted search by different user groups. These tools will be implemented through the utilization of the European/World Register of Marine Species (ERMS/WoRMS) to store the species attribute information. Activities WT 2.1: Identification of species and species attributes information Lead: Marine Biological Association (MBA, UK) + IFREMER, ICES, SAHFOS This work task will identify 1) the species and communities (habitats as described by the EUNIS classification - http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/) which are protected by EU Directives and international conventions, and those to be used as indicators of relevant MSFD descriptors, 2) biological data types of particular relevance for MSFD through collaboration with national MSFD implementation teams, 3) suitable MSFD datasets in close collaboration with the Working Group on Data, Information and Knowledge Exchange established under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive Common Implementation Strategy. The main deliverables from this work theme are:http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/ Deliverables D2.1 List of species tagged with role and importance within MSFD reporting and the linked descriptor for inclusion in ERMS/WoRMS (M6). D2.2.EU-wide assessment of those species and communities identified by national MSFD leads as required for MSFD monitoring and reporting (M18). EMODnet second phase (2013-2016)

35. 2012: new tender: WT2.2: Collection of species attributes information Lead: University of Auckland, representing WoRMS (NZ) + MARUM, GBIF, MBA, VLIZ This task will focus on the collection of specific species-related information: protection status species have in legal frameworks (see also WT 2.1), if they are invasive, harmful (e.g. Harmful Algal Blooms), or if a species is a specific indicator species. This information will be made available together with biological and ecological attribute information on functional and structural species attributes (preferred habitat, feeding ecology, reproduction, behavior, life history…) in addition to identifying ecosystem services that are provided by such species. Such information is currently very difficult to obtain, is often scattered, and is limited to a particular region or taxon group. However, the lack of an integrated, standardized system serving this biological information hampers large-scale functional analysis of the status of marine ecosystems. The importance of this species attribute information was also highlighted during several EMODnet user workshops that were organised during the biology preparatory action of EMODnet. The Biological Traits Information Catalogue (BIOTIC) containing information on over 40 biological trait categories on selected benthic species, the marine sections of the EUNIS habitat classification and the MAREDAT atlas of marine planktonic functional types will act as starting points for the compilation of a European functional and structural species attributes register. As this information is typically assigned at the species level, we will use the ERMS/WoRMS marine species register as the taxonomic backbone to store the attribute information. This will be done in close collaboration with the WoRMS taxonomic editors. The main deliverables from this work theme are: Deliverables D2.3: Organization of a data attributes workshop to discuss a standardized vocabulary and prioritize the biological attribute and trait information, in collaboration with WoRMS taxonomic editors (M6). D2.4: Publication of proposed standardized species attributes vocabulary (M24). D2.5: Selected European marine species tagged with relevant species attributes information and available through WoRMS and on the EMODnet biological portal (M36). EMODnet second phase (2013-2016)