1. Younoh Cho Social Structure And Social Process

2. 2 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Introduction: Social Structure E. Durkheim 1900s challenge Structure of society > individual Altruistic criminal and common criminal Anomie Social ecology Zone in transition Collective efficacy Concentrated disadvantages Deviant places theory Hot spots Weed-and-seed strategy Robert K. Merton Robert Agnew’s General strain theory Institutional Anomie Theory Albert K. Cohen’s Status frustration and reaction formation Differential Opportunity Focal concerns of the lower class Social Disorganization The Strain /Anomie Subculture And Crime

3. 3 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Introduction: Social Process Introduction Differential Association & Social Learning Labeling Theory the interplay btw the individual and society How social influences shape individuals over time (socialization, informal social control, social learning) Tarde’s Law of Imitation Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association Akers’ Differential Reinforcement Sykes and Matza’s Techiniques Early Control Theory: Reckless’ ingredients of containment Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime The roots of labeling perspective The labeling process (primary deviance and secondary deviance) A critique of labeling theory Informal Social control

4. 4 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Human nature: selfish and greedy -crime=natural and inevitable part of any human society -criminal=an agent for change -criminal=social cement that binds the good people to one another and against the bad people -collective conscience: social norm and values (ties to families, friends, and neighbors restrain human ambitions) Emile Durkheim and Crime - Altruistic criminals: As offenders by the rules of society, they wish to change those rules for the better. -Common criminals: They reject all laws and discipline and violate the law without concern for the rightness of the acts. 1. Relationship between social structure and social problems 2. Two types of criminals

5. 5 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Concentric Zone Zone in Transition Workingmen’s Home Zone Social Disorganization  the study of how human relationships are affected by a particular environment (why certain areas had higher crime Rates than others?) Social Ecology Reaction formation Factory Zone Residential Zone Commuter Zone

6. 6 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY He considered the city a social organism within which neighborhoods survive, thrive, or fall apart Social Disorganization Theory -Cities grew in a systematic way. -Cities grew outward in concentric rings, from the central business district -How the urban zones changed over time and what effect his process had on rates of crime - The major source of concern (the poor immigrants) -The stable wage earners gone, and the zone becomes an undesirable place to live -Social disorganization: weakening of the social ties that bind a community together (root cause of disease, infant death, and delinquency) 1. Robert E. Park 2. Ernest W. Burgess (Concentric Zone Theory) 3. Zone in Transition

7. 7 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -In 1938, social structure and anomie article was written -Institutionalized norms can be weakened in societies that place an intense value on economic success (American dream) -American is a stratified society, though (different classes have different access to the means for success) The Strain/Anomie Theory (1) Innovation: The innovator bys into the culturally approved goals of society but pursues them through unacceptable means (2) Ritualism: This describes a person who, over time abandons the goal of financial success (with accepted means) (3) Retreatism: No resort to illegitimate means to achieve (but dropouts who simply withdraw from society) (4) Rebellion: The person who opposes both the dominant goals and means to achieve theses goal is a rebel 1. Robert K. Merton’s strain theory 2. Four possible adaptations

8. 8 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY (1)The failure to achieve positively valued goals (economic success, good grades) (2)The removal of positively valued stimuli (death of parent, break up with boyfriend) (3)The presence of inescapable negative stimuli (violent household, school troubles) General Strain Theory (GST) (1)Available to all people, rich or poor (2)Strain-emotional states(violence, anger, depression) link (3)Lack of the coping skill (4)Several factors (personality, delinquent peers, etc) (5)Consistent empirical s support 1. 1992 Robert Agnew 2. Strength of GST

9. 9 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY - Between 1950s and 1960s, scholars began to focus on the lower class. -The theorists attempt to explain the formation and activity of delinquent subcultures. -Most gang-related delinquency was non-utilitarian, malicious, and negativistic (no financial success). Cohen’s Status Frustration and Reaction Formation It can be defined as a group, such as a street gang, that hold norms and values that are different from mainstream society. 1. Albert K. Cohen 2. What is the subculture?

10. 10 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Different source of strain: the failure of lower class boys to achieve middle-class status -Middle class value: responsibility, delayed gratification, ambition, manners, control over aggression, respect for property -School age (turning point): middle class measuring rod in 1950s Subcultural Explanations of Crime - Different react to the status frustration - college boy, street corner boy (reaction formation) - a culture that rewards the opposite values (physical aggression, toughness, immediate gratification, loyalty, and conformity to their own group) 3. Contents 4. Different adaptation * Dropping out of school might actually decrease the problematic behavior?

11. 11 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Delinquency is aimed at obtaining wealth through illegitimate mans (legal means are structurally blocked). -The illegitimate means are no automatically available to all youth. -In some community, illegitimate opportunities for success are readily available. Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity (1) Criminal subculture: It follows the basic organized crime model as a career. (2) Conflict subculture: It places high premium on violence where the delinquent pursues opportunities lacking elsewhere. (3) Retreatist subculture: It emphasizes drug abuse “double failure” who cannot achieve success in either the criminal or conflict subcultures. 1. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin 2. Forms of Delinquent Subculture

12. 12 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Adherence to lower class values of toughness, autonomy, and easy money rather than family values (=female values) Miller: Focal Concern (1) Trouble (violence) (2) Toughness (adversity whatever the street brings) (3) Smartness (how to handle oneself on the street) (4) Excitement (life is all about the thrill) (5) Fate (What happen in life is beyond ones’ control) 6) Autonomy (the intolerance of challenges) 1. Young lower class males 2. Six Focal Concern of Lower Class Delinquents

13. 13 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Criminality was a life style learned through interaction with others (no biological and physical theories). -Laws of imitation: Criminals go through a period of apprenticeship. Tarde’s Law of Imitation -(1) People are more likely to imitate one another if they are in close contact. -(2) Inferiors imitate superiors. -(3) When two fashions come together, one can be substituted for the other. 1. 19 th Gabriel Tarde 2. Three laws of imitation

14. 14 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Differential Reinforcement Differential Associations Social Learning Theory Initial behaviors that are rewarded. Application of principles of psychological behaviorism Initial Behaviors The balance of roleModels producesinitial behavior

15. 15 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Differential associations: people are exposed through life to different sorts of people -Definitions: one’s own attitudes that one attaches to given behavior -Differential reinforcement: balance of anticipated rewards -Imitation: role models for behaviors Social Learning Theory There is nothing emotionally or morally wrong with persons who commit crime. They are simply responding to rewards and punishments within their environments (ex. Parents who smoke marijuana, gang attitude, etc). 1. Ronald Akers’s differential reinforcement 2. Key point

16. 16 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY The act was caused by factors outside of his or her control. Sykes and Matza’s Techniques of Neutralization No one was really hurt by the criminal act. 1. Denial of responsibility 2. Denial if injury 3. Denial of victim A social distance is placed between the offender and the victim. 4. Condemnation of condemners The offender rationalizes that everybody is crooked. 5. Appeal to higher loyalties The gang member often commits crimes for the sake of the group.

17. 17 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Birds of a feather will flock together (nonsocial learning interpretation) -Lay down with dog, wake up with fleas (role of reinforcement) Question The effect of having criminal parents, or friends?

18. 18 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -measures of informal control by using data of high school students -pure informal control theory (internal control is too subjective) -human nature: crime prone, self-centered (Why don’t all people engage in crime?) -no push and pull toward crime -Humans refrained from crime because they developed a social bond Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory -Four elements of the social bond that tie an individual to society -Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief 1. 1969 Cause of Delinquency (book) 2. Social Bond?

19. 19 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Theories Commitment Involvement Social Bond (Hirschi’s Theory)  indirect control are more important than direct control Because most crimes occur when kids are outside of supervision Keypoint Attachment Belief The emotional element of the Bond. It reflects ties to school And friends to others. The rational element of the Bond. An individual’s stake In society and what that Person stands to lose by Committing a crime. The extent to which a person Participate in the conventional Activities of a society. Respect for moral validity of the rules of a society.

20. 20 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -Internal control is the vital component. -Humans are born without self-control. -Low self control is the sole cause of all criminal behavior. -The novel approach to outlining what they call the nature of crime and self control 1990 General Theory of Crime (Book) Gottfredson and Hirsch’s Theory -Crime include many acts (gambling, adultery…..etc): analogous behavior -Self control: insensitive to others, it is formed in early childhood and crystallizes around at age 8 (it remains stable) -Self control=personality theories within psychology (low constraint)

21. 21 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -extension of Hirschi’s social bond theory -school, parents factors to youth (direct)(Hirschi) vs. age-graded (direct parenting +indirect social bond) -adult social bond focus Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control -a quality marriage or a quality job help to explain why some people desist from crime (even those who are crime prone youth) -marital attachment and job stability predict desistence -ex. Good job vs. decent job//good relationship vs. bad marriage 1. Robert Sampson and John Laub 2. Adult social bond?

22. 22 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -interview with convicted male offender -examine their month-to-moth activity prior to their arrest -crime pattern were correlated with social variables -They were less likely to commit crime during where the men were living with their wives. Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control “Persons with a high rate of crime may be unlikely to graduate from school, unlikely to maintain meaningful employment, and unlikely to stay in stable relationship. Even so, they may sometimes go to school, sometimes work, and sometimes live with a wife, and at those times they are less likely to commit crime”. 3. Recent study 4. Julie D. Horney (1995)

23. 23 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Robert Sampson and John Laub argue that marriage is an adult bond that explains why some people desist from crime as they age. How might marriage reduce criminal behavior? Question You are the criminologist!j

24. 24 Human beingsare evils! DONGGUK UNIVERSITY Social Learning Informal Social Control Informal Control vs. Social Learning? Human beings are “blank slate” Difference on Human Nature! ☞ Terrance Thornberry: a lack of informal control allows youth to come into contact with delinquent peers.

25. 25 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -not well-known theories -contributions occurred from 1930 to 1950 -getting have an attention from 1960s -social conflict period (questioned the motives of government) -ex. Watergate scandal, Vietnam war, prison riots -Government intervention in the lives of delinquent will mamke matter worse! Labeling Theory (1)A view of crime as relative (2)A focus on how power and conflict shape society (3)The importance of self-concept 1. Introduction 2. The Roots of Labeling Theory

26. 26 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -No act is inherently evil, bad, or criminal -It depends on a number of factors, including (1) when and where the act is committed, (2) who commit the act and who is the victim, and (3) the consequence of the act -”Societal reaction”(Becker: the deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label) Labeling Theory -The middle and upper class will define and enforce laws in a manner that benefit themselves. -Moral entrepreneurs (=rule creators, Becker) -Rule enforcers will enforce the law selectively (male, young, unemployed, lower class, undereducated, minority). 3. A view of crime as relative 4. A focus on how power and conflict shape society

27. 27 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -symbolic interactionism -people communicate through gestures, signs, words, and images -a single word (label) may contain a whole set of meanings. -the exchange of symbols help people understand themselves. -people interpret symbolic gestures from others and incorporates them into their self-images. -or people might react to the labeling (negotiate) Labeling Theory -One’s own self-concept is the product of other people’s conceptions. -The self-concept can dictate behavior (people live up to their image=self fulfilling prophesy) 5. The importance of self-concept 6. Looking-glass self (Charles Horton Cooley)

28. 28 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -children’s deviance (primary deviance) -most kids grow out of such behaviors -no interest in the motivation of those acts The Labeling Process -Some acts will be noticed -dramatization of evil: the primary deviance of certain people is singled out (tagged). -People may interpret past actions in light of the new label (“I always knew he was a troublemaker”) 1. Edwin Lemert 2. Frank Tannenbaum

29. 29 DONGGUK UNIVERSITY -criminal justice system -society (who the kids are > what the kids do) -a self-fulfilling prophecy: hang out with outsiders (second deviance, Lermert) The Labeling Process -Some might negotiate for the labeling process -For some, sanctioning might have the deterrent effect -However, labeling enforced by the agents of governments would be difficult to negotiate. 3. Who is the cause of dramatization of evil? 4. Exception?

30. Thank You!