1. M ULTILINGUAL E DUCATION IN P OLAND Anna Dąbrowska, Polish Language Council

2. T ABLE OF CONTENTS A. National and ethnic minorities in Poland - Legal status of minorities and minority languages - Languages of minorities as auxiliary languages – bilinguality of a part of Polish citizens. - Minority education B. Immigrants 2

3. C. Teaching foreign languages at Polish schools D. Foreign students at Polish Universities and Academies E. Teaching Polish as a foreign language F. Conclusions 3

4. A. N ATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN P OLAND Table 1. Percentage of national and ethnic minorities inhabiting RP in different periods 4 Time (period)% of ethnic and national minorities Before 1795 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) 40% 1918 – 1939 (two decades between World War I and World War II ) 33% After 19453%

5. N ATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN P OLAND Currently there are 9 national minorities in Poland: Belarusian, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian, Jews and 4 ethnic minorities: Karaim, Romani, Lemko and Tatar. 5

6. A ) L EGAL STATUS OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN P OLAND The legal status of minorities and their languages is stipulated both in internal national legal acts and international ones. 6

7. A CCORDING TO FINDINGS ARISING FROM THE N ATIONAL C ENSUS OF P OPULATION AND H OUSING FROM 2002 THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS OF P OLISH CITIZENS SPEAK THE FOLLOWING MINORITY LANGUAGES 7

8. Table 2. Official data related to the number of people speaking minority languages or a regional language 8

9. National and ethnic minorities Declared use of a national minority language, ethnic minority language or regional language at home Belarus 40 226 Czech 1 226 Karaim - Lithuanian 5 696 Lemko 5 605 German 196 841 Armenian 321 Russian 794 Slovak 794 Tartar 9 Ukrainian 21 055 Jewish 243 (Hebrew - 207; Yiddish – 36) People using the Kashubian language at home 52 665 9

10. G MINAS WHERE AUXILIARY LENGUAGES ARE USED Minimum 20% of inhabitants belong to national or ethnic minorities. Such a possibility exists in 51 communes. 10

11. 1. K ASHUBIAN ON THE NORTH OF P OLAND 11

12. PROPER NAMES ARE GIVEN IN TWO LANGUAGE VERSIONS 12 Polish and Kashubian

13. 2. Belarusian and Lithuanian – on the north east of Poland 13

14. 14 http://i.wp.pl/a/f/jpeg/26670/punsk2.jpeg Lithuanian

15. 3. German – the south west of Poland 15

16. 16 German http://raclawice.net/gfx/news/ oberglogauzamazane.jpg

17. T EACHING MINORITY LANGUAGES AT SCHOOLS 17

18. 18 Table 3. The number of children learning minority languages at given types of schools in a school year 2009 / 2010 LanguagePrimary schools Grammar schools Upper- grammar schools 1.German23 885794860 2.Kashubian81581193201 3.Belarusian1421859787 4.Ukrainian903513309 5.Other770306114

19. In 1169 educational entities, in a school year 2009/2010, 55 004 children learnt minority languages. 19

20. Some shoolbooks for learning minioritie languages in Poland 20

21. L EMKO R EADING P RIMER Fundacja Wspierania Mniejszości Łemkowskiej „Rutenika” Warszawa-Legnica 2003 21

22. 22 Kashubian Reading Primer

23. Minority language can be chosen as a topic for Baccalureat ( matura ) In 2009 only 364 pupils chose a minority language as a topic – Belarusian 240, Ukrainian – 89, Lithuanian – 25 and Kashubian – 10. 23

24. T HE EXAMPLE OF THE L OWER S ILESIAN V OIVODESHIP 24

25. http://www.taxipolska.com/img/wojewodzt wo-dolnoslaskie.png

26. L OWER S ILESIAN V OIVODESHIP In more than a dozen of schools Ukrainian 205 pupils Lemko80 pupils German26 pupils Romani1 pupil are thaugt 26

27. M ULTILIGUALISM AND MULTICUTURALITY AT W ROCŁAW SCHOOLS Polish English Hebriew The school was established in 1998 http://90plan.ovh.net/~educatiof/zdj/F0/F01310.jpg 27

28. U NIVERSITY LEVEL AND MINORITY LANGUAGES Minority languages could also be taught at University levels under philological studies Pedagogical University of Kraków where is a special major – Russian Philology with the Rusyn-Lemko language 28

29. U NIVERSITY LEVEL AND MINORITY LANGUAGES Kashubian philology at the University of Gdańsk University of Opole offers post- graduate studies in a field German as a foreign language and as a minority language in mono- and bilingual education 29

30. According to the information passed by the Office of the Government Plenipotentiary for Equal Legal Status in a period between May 2008 to February 2010 no complaints were sent to the Office about groundless diversity, limitations or preferences related to use of a regional or minority language. 30

31. I MMIGRANTS IN POLAND Research in 2008 ( immigrants in Poland ) 131 countries of immigrants’ origin were identified Ukraine (26.6%) Belarus(9.2%) China(4.2%) 31

32. I MMIGRANTS IN POLAND More than 30% of immigrants had problems with communicating in Polish Language and integration-oriented courses are more and more frequently organized. 32

33. F OREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION It is compulsory The first foreign language begins to be taught to pupils seven year old, and instruction lasts at least 6 years. 33

34. English is the most frequently chosen foreign language 1999/2000 46.9% 2009/201086.2% 34

35. German, Russian and French – different degrees of popularity The largest differences can be observed between Western and Eastern voivodeships. 35

36. F OREIGN LANGUAGES AT P OLISH SCHOOLS IN PERCENTAGE 36 http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_e_os wiata_i_wychowanie_2009-2010.pdf

37. In Western voivodeships percentage of pupils learning German is between 47% – 59% and in case of Russian about 1% In Estern voivodeships the case is definitely different: 12% learn Russian and 22% - 23% learn German 37

38. BILINGUAL CLASSES In Lower Silesia there are almost 20 grammar and upper-grammar schools with bilingual classes English, French, German Spanish, Italian 38

39. I NTERNATIONAL B ACCALAUREATE D IPLOMA International Baccalaureate Diploma can be obtained at 9 secondary schools in Poland 39

40. F OREIGN STUDENTS In 2009 17 thousand foreigners studied at Polish Universities and Academies. They are offered Polish lessons, from which a large part of them benefit. 40

41. P OLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Since important political and economic changes occurred (1989, 2004) a strong increase of interest in learning Polish as a foreign language has been observed. 41

42. P OLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Preparation and introduction of the Polish certification system corresponding with Common European Framework of Reference for Languages 42

43. HTTP :// CERTYFIKATPOLSKI. PL / HTTP :// WWW. BUWIWM. EDU. PL / CERTYFIKACJA / 43 (Państwowa Komisja Poświadczania Znajomości Języka Polskiego jako Obcego) State Commission for the Certification of Proficiency in Polish as a Foreign Language

44. P OLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE From the day when the state exam in Polish as a foreign language was introduced (i.e. starting from May 2004) until the end of August 2011 2,782 people took it. It is very good! 44

45. C ONCLUSIONS : 1. National and ethnic minorities are sparse in Poland and the state respects their rights to cultivate their own cultures and languages. Poland ratified relevant EU documents (e.g. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages) and introduced appropriate legal regulations. 45

46. C ONCLUSIONS : 2. Young people in Poland speak at least one foreign language better and better – first of all English, which corresponds with introduction of compulsory foreign language training at schools, Universities and Academies of various types and levels. 46

47. C ONCLUSIONS : 3. More and more foreign people study in Poland – some majors are taught in English; numerous international students attend Polish classes. 4. The status of Polish has strengthened as a result of introduction of the state certified exam in Polish as a foreign language in 2004. 47

48. Q & A? 48

49. Thank you for your attention 49

50. B IBLIOGRAPHY : 1. Czerniejewska Izabela, Edukacja wielokulturowa (praca doktorska opublikowana w internecie) 2. Edukacja w województwie dolnośląskim w latach szkolnych 2005/2006 i 2006/2007, Wrocław 2007. 3. Gajda Stanisław, Współczesna polska sytuacja językowa. Sytuacja językowa mniejszości etnicznych, [w:] Język polski, pod red. S. Gajdy, Opole 2001, s. 45 – 53. 4. Kajtoch Wojciech, Języki mniejszości narodowych w Polsce, [w:]Polszczyzna 2000. Orędzie o stanie języka na przełomie tysiącleci, pod red. W. Pisarka, Kraków 1999, s. 279 – 305. 5. Oświata i wychowanie w roku szkolnym 2009/2010, Warszawa 2010 6. Pisarek Walery, The Relationship between official and miniority laguages in Poland, [in:] National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe. Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of EFNIL in Dublin, ed. by G. Stickel, Peter Lang 2011. 7. Szkoły wyższe i ich finanse w 2008 roku, Warszawa 2010. 50

51. http://www.mswia.gov.pl/portal/pl/178/2958/Ustawa_o_mniejszosc iach_narodowych_i_etnicznych_oraz_o_jezyku_regionalnym.html http://www.egospodarka.pl/36792,Imigranci-w-Polsce- 2008,1,39,1.html http://www.menis.pl/miedzynarodowa_matura.html http://www.szkolnictwo.pl/szko%C5%82a,podstawowa,Wroc%C5% 82aw,F01310,Szko%C5%82a+Podstawowa+Lauder+-+Etz+Chaim http://www.mmtrojmiasto.pl/257345/2009/3/24/kaszubistyka- nowa-specjalnosc-filologiczna-na-ug?category=news. 51