1. History of Australia & Canada

2. Australian Aborigines Migrated from Africa to Asia and then to Australia 30,000-40,000 years ago during the last Ice Age –Lower sea levels exposed land between Australia and Asia Hunter-gatherers who lived in small groups mostly along the coast where there were more plants and animals –They never grew their own food. –Learned to adapt to what that region provided. –Nomadic/ nomads

3. Specific groups developed along the coastlines and in the interior regions of Australia. –No specific leader in groups; all people were equal 500 groups with 200 languages Groups traded with each other. –Diversified the goods available –Helped keep the cultures similar –Kept different groups connected to each other

4. Religion: –Based on the Dreaming, which to Aborigines is when life began on Earth. –Spirits shaped the land and made plants/animals and people. –Eventually the spirits disappeared but lived on in some objects –Aborigines believe earth is a link to the spiritual world and that the land is sacred

5. The Europeans Arrive Europeans first saw Australia from ships in the 1600s but never claimed it until… 1770 –British Captain James Cook explored the region and claimed it for Great Britain 1700s –British prisons were very overcrowded so government decided to send many prisoners to Australia to settle the land = Australia was a Penal Colony –Prior to this, American colonies (Virginia, Maryland and Georgia) were used as criminal colonies. American Revolution changed their plan.

6. First prisoners arrived in 1788, and built first settlement at Port Jackson (Sydney) By 1839, 160,000 convicts had been sent to Australia –Most of the people living in Australia were either prisoners or people guarding them. –In 1852, the British stopped sending prisoners to Australia.

7. Aborigines pushed off the coast and into the interior region of the continent –Europeans wanted this portion of land. Without clear leadership, the Aborigines were unable to form a defense against the Europeans. 1851 –Gold discovered in southern Australia, leading to a rush of settlers –Free Settlers Also arrived in Australia to take advantage of cheap labor (convicts) and land... and the gold rush. As the population grew, new colonies were formed and settlements were established. –Hobart, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide 1852 –93,000 people arrived this year alone

8. As more Europeans arrived, contact grew between them and the Aborigines –Many Aborigines died, mostly from exposure to diseases. Aborigines attempt to fight back against the European settlers, but British had guns and outnumbered the Aborigines. –Only the Aborigines that lived deep in the desert were left alone by the Europeans. Eventually, they lost their lands and were relocated to reservations in the Outback region –Most have accepted modern ways and moved to big cities to live, work and go to school.