1. 14-4: Workers of the Nation Unite 1.What conditions led to the formation of labor Unions? Dangerous working conditions Low wages Long hours Unequal pay for equal work Specialization of labor

2. Knights of Labor Led by: Uriah Stephens and Terence V. Powderly Workers: All workers, regardless of race, gender, or degree of skill

3. American Federation of Labor Led by: Samuel Gompers Workers: Skilled workers from many different industries

4. Industrial Workers of the World (The Wobblies) Led by: “Big Bill” Haywood Workers: Miners, lumber workers, cannery and dock workers including women and African Americans

5. American Railway Union Led by: Eugene V. Debs (A socialist) Workers: Unskilled and semiskilled laborers, along with skilled engineers and firemen

6. Pay cuts led railroad workers to strike The strike spread quickly across several states The strike is stopped by President Hayes Great Strike of 1877

7. Haymarket 1886 Workers gathered to protest the killing of a striker by police the day before A bomb is thrown at police who are sent to disperse the crowd The police open fire at the crowd, killing several people

8. Homestead 1892 Carnegie steel workers strike because of low pay and unhealthy working conditions Violence breaks out between Pinkerton detectives (private police) and the strikers National Guard is called in and strikers eventually gave in

9. Pullman, 1894 Workers strike because of low wages and high rents Violence breaks out when Pullman hired scabs Federal troops called in All strikers are fired

10. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire A company policy of locking all doors forced many workers to jump to their deaths when a fire broke out 146 workers are killed

11. 11. Decline of Unions Legal limitations (Sherman Antitrust Act) and negative public opinion will lead to the decline of labor unions People will associate labor unions/strikes with violence People will associate labor unions with socialism Prejudice against racial and national groups will keep workers from uniting

12. Mother Jones Mother Jones became a white- haired radical labor organizer in her 50s. She worked mainly with the United Mine Workers, where, among other activities, she often organized strikers' wives. In 1903 Mother Jones led a children's march from Kensington, Pennsylvania, to New York to protest child labor to President Roosevelt. In 1905, Mother Jones was among the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, the "Wobblies").

13. Other Identification Collective Bargaining: Negotiations for wages and working conditions by union representatives on behalf of all union workers Scab: a person who replaces a worker who is on strike Socialism: a theory of government where all citizens share equally in the wealth of the society