1. Tess of the D’Urbervilles Lecture 1 Opening up the Text in Context

2. A Very Brief Synopsis … Tess Durbeyfield, a poor country girl, is raped (?) and made pregnant by Alec D’Urberville. The baby (christened Sorrow) dies and Tess goes to work on a dairy farm, where she meets and falls in love with Angel Clare. On their wedding night, when Tess confesses to Angel about her past, he rejects her and goes off to Brazil.

3. Tess meets Alec again and for a variety of reasons, including the fact that he has persuaded her that Angel will never return, she agrees to live with him. However, Angel does return and Tess, furious that Alec had lied to her, murders him. Tess experiences a week of bliss with Angel, but at the end of the novel, she is arrested at Stonehenge and subsequently hanged.

4. Socio-historical Context – The Woman Question in19 th C. England Impact of Industrialization Cultural re-visioning of the Victorian middle- class image of women Denied of any real political & economic power Widening gulf btwn the middle-class & working-class women (exploited outside the home in dehumanizing factories)

5. Separation of spheres for women & men Men identified with the external, public world of work and women with the internal, private world of feeling An ideology that protects the idealization of the middle-class notion of home and family as a moral & spiritual refuge

6. Women idealized as custodians of the moral conscience, the repository of all virtue Fear that the blurred distinction btwn the public / private would coarsen women’s superior moral nature Controlled image of the woman as wife & mother

7. Policing female sexuality Double standard in sexual morality – where men could and did resort to prostitutes / mistresses, middle-class women who were more liberal in their sexual attitudes & behaviour were regarded as ‘fallen’ Women denied of any sexual feelings, and were doubly victims of idealization and abuse

8. Late 19 th C. (1880s-90s) – beginnings of a major revision in thinking about women & their status Perception that the ‘woman question’ had arrived with the popular phrase ‘the new woman’ coined in the 1890s to describe women who had either won or were fighting for equality & personal freedom

9. Literary Context - Publication TUB appeared in weekly instalments in the Graphic from 4 July – 26 Dec 1891 (late Victorian / early modern?) In serializing the novel, Hardy had to rework his original manuscript for the serial market, due to Victorian moral sensitivity over the treatment of female violation, illegitimate birth & sexual hypocrisy

10. First edited, serialized version was published as a book in Dec 1891 Added the (defiant?) subtitle ‘A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented by Thomas Hardy’ For all the controversy sparked by the novel, the phenomenal sale of TUB actually gave Hardy the financial security to concentrate on poetry

11. Literature & social change The novel as a social critique on sexual politics How far does TUB complicate / interrogate / disturb the Victorian ideals of womanhood and sexuality?

12. Gemma Arterton (as Tess) Eddie Redmayne (as Angle Clare) Hans Matheson (as Alec d’Urberville) BBC Adaptation of Tess (2008)

13. Woman as Victim Tess as tragic heroine Vital to engage with the complex construction of her victimization in the novel A fictional char. who defies strict categorization as virgin or whore “Nothing is more remarkable in the novel than the extraordinary passion with which Tess is described and justified.” (Biographer, Michael Millgate – 1971)

14. Victim of her own physical charms? Her sexual nature a tragic flaw? Hardy emphasizes the beauty and sexual attractiveness of Tess – “pouted-up deep red mouth”, “flexuous and finely drawn figure” It is her sexual attractiveness that invites the predatory advances of Alec But note ambiguity in the scene at The Chase in Chap 11 - seduction or rape?

15. A victim of her own high moral standards? Consider Joan Durbeyfield’s outburst at Tess’s trusting decision to tell Angel about her past with Alec - “O you little fool – you little fool!” Tess’s scrupulous conscience that unfortunately deprives her of the instinct to survive, resulting in the suffering of a genuinely moral woman

16. A victim of injustice caused by the conflict btwn spontaneous morality and a distorted patriarchal value-system on sexual morality? More sinned against than sinning – Tess acts for the best but the worst befalls her due to circumstances beyond her control?

17. Angel’s crude application to Tess of the Victorian double standard of sexual morality which excuses his own past as ‘wild oats’ while condemning his wife – “the woman I have been loving is not you” (Chap 35, p.229) Exposes the inflexible demand for purity that reduces Tess to terrible poverty, driving her back to Alec and eventually to murder and hanging

18. Yet, isn’t Tess also a victim of her own passivity that perhaps results from an all-too effective conditioning as a woman? Tess’s acceptance of Angel’s judgment of her, even though her instincts tell her he is unjust and hypocritical She seems to have embraced the ideology of purity and is left defenceless because of it

19. Complexity of Tess’s victimization – is the source of the tragedy within and/or outside of her? A victim only of her sexuality? How about class & family? More significantly, the force of the novel stems from the ways Hardy conveys his intense sympathy for her. Significance of voice & perspective

20. Voice & Perspective Complex use of point of view Third-person omniscient narrator that can present events / situations through the eyes of different characters (i.e. multiple perspectives) Hardy (as author) not necessarily the narrator, though we can ‘hear’ his intrusive voice

21. “Darkness and silence ruled everywhere around. Above them rose the primeval yews and oaks of the Chase, in which were poised gentle roosting birds in their last nap; and around them the hopping rabbits and hares. But where was Tess’s guardian angel? where was Providence?” (Chap 11, p.74)

22. How do we as readers respond to this strength of feeling? – involved & moving or too heavily insistent, even contrived? Does this undercurrent of emotion conveyed by a significantly male voice complicate or perhaps even compromise Hardy’s social criticism of women’s issues?

23. Forcefulness of sympathy for Tess’s plight is double-edged. At one level, such forcefulness exposes the hypocrisy of Victorian sexual norms and its cruel injustice inflicted on women (in his time). Yet, at another level, some feminist critics have suggested that Hardy, in his fascination with Tess, is creating an ideal subjected to the voyeuristic male gaze.

24. Contradictory positioning of Hardy as a writer in presenting women and their experiences Hardy still sees Tess’s self-effacing character (her meekness as patience) as good and admirable, which paradoxically endorses a moral pattern of womanhood which the novel demonstrates is damaging and repressive

25. Hardy is sympathetic to women’s dilemmas and demands, but this sympathy is still embedded in a culture which was still essentially patriarchal Fictional stereotypes of women remodelled, but not transformed Is this contradiction also found in Lawrence’s WL?