1. 10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty.

2. 1. Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).

3. Thomas Hobbes Views on Society & People Basically Evil/Selfish Can’t be trusted to make own decisions Giving power to the individual would create a dangerous situation that would start a “war of every man against every man" and make life "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Society needs order (Absolute Monarch) or Anarchy will ensue.

4. Thomas Hobbes Views on Government Countries were motivated by wealth/greed Governments were created to protect people from themselves King was best form of government Social Contract--Citizens should give up their POWER to the government in order that the govt. can maintain order Without strict govt. we’d have anarchy

5. Thomas Hobbes Quotation If men are[n’t] naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors? All mankind [is in] a perpetual and restless desire for power... that [stops] only in death Shut up, do as you’re told, you have the right not to be killed

6. Thomas Hobbes Effects on Revolution If all people are basically bad… The ruler must also be bad… Therefore, how can a bad person rule bad people? ABSOLUTELY! How did Hobbes’ views effect the American Revolution? Why did the colonists want to revolt?

7. Thomas Hobbes Effects on Revolution 2 The colonists were not given rights. The colonists were subjects, not citizens. What is the difference between subject and citizen? Demanding rights that were naturally given from birth might just cause a revolution.

8. Thomas Hobbes Effects on Revolution 3 Natural Law Natural Rights Freedom, Liberty, Rights (speech, press) Self Government

9. John Locke Views on Society & People People were basically good and care about Society Reason dictates that everyone is equal and that people shouldn’t harm anyone, ever All people have natural rights from birth that cannot be taken from them. Rights: Life, Liberty, Property

10. Governments should operate only with the people’s consent. People LEND their power to the govt. Rights belonged to all the people. Govt = protect life-freedom-property. People can overthrow their govt. if it abuses its power. Govt. should be divided to keep absolute power from govt. John Locke Views on Government

11. Quotation … that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people. …these laws ought to be designed for no other reason than for the good of the people. John Locke

12. Effects on Revolution All people are good… All people work to better society… Society shapes the way people live… Society creates good people… How would Locke’s views effect the American Revolution? John Locke

13. Effects on Revolution 2 If we’re all born with Natural Rights to life, liberty, and property, who is going to protect them? Would you go to war if your Natural Rights were threatened? Why did the colonists go to war against their own King? John Locke

14. Views on Society & People He hoped that knowledge of the laws of government would reduce the problems of society and improve human life. People were free and had rights. Not all were equal, approved of slavery. Women were weak and could not rule the home, but that weakness made them genteel (civilized) and perfect for governing. Baron de Montesquieu

15. Views on Government Govt. power should be separated into three branches: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive Each branch served as a check and a balance on the others. Best form of govt. was elected by the people. Baron de Montesquieu

16. “When the [law making] and [law enforcement] powers are united in the same person... there can be no liberty.” “Countries are well cultivated, not as they are fertile, but as they are free.” “The love of democracy is that of equality” Baron de Montesquieu Quotation

17. Views on Society & People I Man is essentially good, a “noble savage.” Man is in competition with other men. He joins with others to be more successful facing threats. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

18. Views on Society & People II Good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society. He viewed society as artificial and corrupt. Material progress had actually undermined the possibility of sincere friendship, replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

19. The progress of knowledge had made governments more powerful, and crushed individual liberty. He attacked private property and is a forbearer to modern Socialism and Capitalism. The goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all, regardless of the will of the majority. The individual is not as important as the group. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Views on Govt.

20. More Views on Government Politics and morality should not be separated. When a state fails to act in a moral fashion, it ceases to function in the proper manner and ceases to exert genuine authority over the individual. The second important principle is freedom, which the state is created to preserve. Govt. should control behavior. Jean-Jacques Rousseau cont.

21. Quotation: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Man was a “noble savage” Jean-Jacques Rousseau

22. Defined The belief that people, as creatures of nature and God, should live their lives and organize their society on the basis of rules and precepts laid down by nature or God. Rights for all humans from birth. Life, liberty, property, the pursuit of happiness. Cannot be taken away. Natural Law

23. Its Relation to Reason Science was used to discover laws governing the universe. Why not use the same reason to discover laws governing human nature? Changing human society was the goal. Reason could be used to solve every social, political, and economic problem. Natural Law

24. “We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” Natural Law

25. Defined Natural Rights given up, either lent to or taken by, the government in order to establish an orderly society. Social Contract

26. How does it effect Government? Hobbes maintained that men had surrendered their natural liberties in order to enjoy the order and safety of the organized state. Locke believed in Popular Sovereignty: the government is beholding to the people. Social Contract

27. Freedom of Thought “My trade is to say what I think.” In saying what he thought, Voltaire offended governments, church officials, aristocrats, and slave traders. Voltaire

28. Freedom of Speech “I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” “It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.” Voltaire

29. Physiocrat Laissez-Faire 1.Little Government Regulation of trade 2.Wealth came from increased production 3.Free Trade 4.Hands Off Mercantilism 1.Total Government Regulation of trade 2.Wealth came from acquiring more gold and silver 3.Tariffs 4.Hands On

30. Free Markets (natural forces of S&D) should regulate business. As demand goes up, manufacturers enter the market to satisfy the demand. For this they get profit. Invisible Hand Govt. should protect society, administer justice, and provide public works. Adam Smith

31. Quotation Man, an animal that makes bargains. The desire of food is limited in every man by the narrow capacity of the human stomach; but the desire [for stuff], seems to have no limit… Adam Smith

32. Creator endowed humanity with unalienable rights, such as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" He believed in freedom, tolerance, rationalism, and humanism Slavery was immoral Thomas Jefferson Views on Society & People

33. It is not by the consolidation, or concentration, of powers, but by their distribution that good government is effected Govt. should be limited and small The people have the power Thomas Jefferson Views on Government

34. I hold it that a little rebellion now and then is a good thing Thomas Jefferson Quotation

35. “We hold these truths to be self- evident; that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” Thomas Jefferson Quotation

36. He wrote and signed the Declaration of Independence He was president of the U.S. He helped frame the Constitution Thomas Jefferson Effects on Revolution

37. Madison was convinced that in a large republic one faction would not stay in place long enough, or grow large enough, to pose a threat.....other factions would be created and they would all "check each other." James Madison Views on Society & People

38. Govt is a necessary evil Advocated separation of powers All power is originally vested in, and consequently derived from, the people. “Where an excess of power prevails, property of no sort is duly respected. No man is safe in his opinions, his person, his faculties, or his possessions.” He was a proponent of a strong central government. James Madison Views on Government

39. “There are more instances of the abridgment of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments of those in power than by violent and sudden usurpations.” James Madison Quotation

40. He firmly believed that the colonies should be free from England. Considered the father of the Constitution James Madison Effects on Revolution

41. “The first duty of a government is to give education to the people” General Bolívar’s victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. He is called El Liberator The Liberator & the "George Washington of South America." Simón Bolívar