1. Chapter 19: The First World War Common Final Terms Common Essays

2. World War I Begins 19.1 Causes of World War I – Nationalism – devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation – Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. – Militarism – the development and use of armed forces as a tool of diplomacy. – Alliance System – Allies – France Britain, & Russia Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy Ottoman Empire – middle eastern lands ( including Serbia) controlled by Turks Triple Alliance and Ottoman Empires make Central Powers

3. World War I Begins 19.1 An assassination Leads to War – Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne visit Serbia and he and his wife are shot by Gavrilo Princip ( member of Black Hand group promoting Serbian Nationalism). – Austria-Hungry declare short war on Serbia – Alliance System pulls one nation in after another The Fighting Starts – Germany invades Belgium – Allies unable to save Belgium.

4. World War I Begins 19.1 Americans Question Neutrality – Divided Loyalties Socialists – the war is capitalist Imperialists – it’s a struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and Middle East Pacifists – War is evil US should stay out not get involved “set and example” Immigrants feel ties and sympathize with their Home lands. (Germany, Britian, Ireland, etc.)

5. World War I Begins 19.1 War Hits Home – British Blockade Blocks US ships trying to trade with Germany. Germany can’t get supplies to run farms or cultivate their lands. 750,000 Germans starve to death as a result of the Blockade – German U-Boat Response Germany sinks Lusitania, British ship, killing 128 Americans that were aboard. US public opinion turns against Germany and the Central Powers – 1916 Election Wilson beats out Charles Evans Hughes for another term U.S. Declares War – German Provocation Zimmerman note – intercepted by Britian was a note to Mexico seeking alliance and support should war against US breakout. Germany will help Mexico recovery territory lost to US. Germany sinks 4 unarmed US merchant ships – America Acts 12/2/1917 Wilson delivers his war resolution to senators, representatives, ambassadors, members of the supreme Court, and other guests at the Capitol Building.

6. American Power Tips the Balance 19.2 America Mobilizes – Raising an Army Selective Service Act – requires men to register with government in order to be randomly selected for military service. 24 million sign up and 3 million called upon to serve – Mass Production – of ships needed to transport men, food, and equipment. America Turns the Tide Americans convince British to use Convoy System to escort and protect ships crossing the sea from U-Boats. US lays sea mine fields – Germans find it difficult to replace their losses. – Fighting in Europe Allied forces are exhausted and demoralized. American Forces are fresh and enthusiastic.

7. American Power Tips the Balance 19.2 Fighting “Over There” American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by General John J. Pershing – New Weapons Tanks and Airplanes War Introduces New Hazards – Horrific injuries, filth, lice, rats, polluted water, trench foot disease, trench mouth,

8. American Power Tips the Balance 19.2 American Troops go on the Offensive – American War Hero Alvin York a conscientious objector apposed to killing due to religious beliefs enters war and decides it’s OK if it is just. He kills 25 Germans and with 6 other soldiers captures 132 prisoners. – The Collapse of Germany Too tired to continue the fight they surrender at the 11 th hour, on the 11 th day, of the 11 th month and sign the armistice, or truce, to cease-fire. – The Final Toll 22 million deaths more than ½ were civilians, 20 million wounded, 10 million became refugees, economic cost $338 billion. US lost 48,000 men in battle, 62,000 died from disease, 200,000 wounded.

9. The War at Home 19.3 Congress Gives Power to Wilson – War Industries Board – mass production techniques to increase efficiency and eliminate waste by implemented standards – War Economy – wages rose by 20% for workers of shipyards, metal trades, and meatpacking. Unions boom to fight working conditions and pay differences between management and laborers – Food Administration – to help produce and conserve food. Selling the War – War Financing US spent $35.5 Billion 1/3 raised by taxes. – Committee on Public Information US sets up first propaganda agency to sway public oppinon to support war efforts.

10. The War at Home 19.3 Attacks on Civil Liberties Increased – Anti-immigrant Hysteria Germans targeted, Composers of German Descent not played, Schools stop teaching the language, Towns change their names – Espionage and Sedition Acts A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in Jail for interfering with the war effort OR saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the governments war effort The War Encourages Social Change – African Americans and the War WEB Du Bios supports war effort William Monroe Trotter founder of the Boston Guardian does not. – The Great Migration Hundreds of thousands of Affrican Americans move from south to northern cities to find work in factories, etc. – Women in the War Women move into jobs that had been exclusively held by men: railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, bricklayers, coal miners. Also took traditional jobs like nurses, clerks, and teachers. – The Flu Epidemic 1918-1919 Mines, phone services, etc. shut down. Poor peoples bodies lay unburied for up to a week or more, 500,000 Americans die, approximately 30 million people worldwide.. Possibly spread by soldiers.

11. Wilson Fights for Peace 19.4 Wilson Presents His Plan – Fourteen Points Speech no secret treaties among nations Freedom of seas maintained for all Tariffs and economic barriers among nations lowered or abolished to foster free trade Arms reduced to lowest level needed for domestic safety only Colonial policies should consider interests of colonial peoples and interests of the imperialist powers. Another 8 points were on boundary changes – The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan French Premier Georges Clemenceau and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George

12. Wilson Fights for Peace 19.4 Debating the Treaty of Versailles – Provisions of the Treaty Established 9 new nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, etc.) Carved 5 areas out of Ottoman Empire given to France and Great Britain as Mandates (temporary colonies). Bared Germany from maintaining an army. Germany must return Alsace-Lorraine territory to France and pay reparations (war damages) of $33 billion to Allies. – The Treaty’s weaknesses It contained a War-Guilt Clause forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility or starting WWI. – Opposition to the Treaty Herbert Hoover criticizes Wilson’s treaty for being too harsh and will pull down European economy thus effecting US. – Debate over the League of Nations Does it threaten the US Foreign Policy for Isolationism – Wilson Refuses to Compromise US signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 US doesn’t join League of Nations but maintained an unofficial observer at League meetings. The Legacy of the War – Accelerated social change for women and Afr. Am., inter-racial fears, political instability and violence in Europe, First Communist State – Russia, Militant Fascists in Italy, Spain, and Germany, German call to vengence by Adolf Hitler, – Treaty of Versailles solves nothing!