1. Chapter 7 Structure & Function of Human Body

2. Waste Removal Systems

3. OBJECT IVES Students should be able to: * Describe the primary anatomical features and physiological actions of the systems for providing energy & for removing waste from body. * Name common diseases or disorders associated with each system. * Describe the behaviors and actions for each body system that promote health and prevent major diseases and disorders.

4. Removing Waste Various systems nec to remove waste: – Cardiovascular – transports materials – Lymphatic – transports – Respiratory – removes CO2 – Digestive – excretes waste, maint fluid bal – Urinary – excr waste, maint fluid bal

5. Earthworm Castings – fertilizes soil

6. Urinary System

7. Eliminates excess water, salts, & waste Consists of following:  Kidneys  Ureters  Urinary Bladder  Urethra SEA-BUCKTHORN Plant: *Pies & jams from berries *Tea & analgesics from leaves & bark

8. Urinary System

9. Kidneys (2) Loc’d behind peritoneum (lining of abd cavity) & on either side of spinal column & below diaphragm Clean blood & regulate amt of water in body ave daily fluid output urine ~ 1500 mL but varies c fluid intake.

11. Kidneys (2), cont Renal Artery that enters kidney divides into a network of BV’s that end in a gp of capillaries called a glomerulus

12. GLOMERULUS Each glomerulus is surrounded by tubule that forms a capsule called Bowman's capsule intertwining of blood capillaries & kidney tubules is called a Nephron

13. NEPHRON is where real work of kidney occurs retains waste products while reabsorbing most of water, glucose, AA’s & salts to body > 1 million nephrons per kidney Loc’d in Cortex (Outer Layer) of kidney

14. Nephron

15. Ureters (2) Connects kidneys to bladder via ureters passageway for urine moves urine by peristalysis

16. Urinary Bladder stores urine Expands & contracts its smooth-muscle walls as needed when bladder wall stretched by large amt of urine, nerves in wall send message to brain conveying need to urinate opening to urethra is kept closed by 2 sphincter muscles, 1 of which is under voluntary control

17. Urethra tube thru which urine is passes to outside of body passage or urine req’s relaxation of voluntary sphincter Male Female

18. Animation Urinary System: The Nephron

19. Edema is not a disease but a general term used to describe abnl accum of fluid in tissues Etiology: multiple conditions including:  Kidney Failure  Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

20. Kidney (Renal) Failure occurs when nephrons unable to filter liquid waste from blood buildup of waste products in blood is called Uremia (excess urea & other waste products in blood. Urea made by liver from ammonia & is normally excr’d by kidneys) To sustain life, toxins are removed by regular Dialysis Urea

21. Kidney (Renal) Failure Hemodialysis = procedure in which blood is passed thru device that functions as an artificial kidney (filter)

22. Renal Calculi = Kidney Stones usually composed of uric acid or calcium crystals. Red area = area of pain

23. Urinary Incontinence = inability to control urination Urinary retention = inability to urinate when the urge is felt or the bladder is full These conditions have many causes.

24. Urinary Tract Infection ( UTI) = infection of Lower Urinary Structures Urethritis = inflammation of Urethra Cystitis = inflammation of Bladder

25. Kidney Infections Include: Nephritis = inflam of nephrons Glomerulonephritis = inflammation of glomerulus (part of nephrons) Pyelonephritis = inflammation of kidney tissue & renal pelvis (collecting part of kidney that narrows into ureter).

26. Preventive Measures Drink adequate amts of water (8 glasses/ day) Use proper toilet hygiene to prevent bladder inf If you have HTN or DM, manage it closely because both are primary contributors to renal failure. Be aware of and take cautiously any meds that can damage kidneys. Never take illegal drugs. When taking antibiotics, incr intake of water to prevent crystals from forming in kidneys.

27. Age-related changes Urinary Syst. Decr’d: Glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, renal mass, functional nephron units, bladder capacity, sphincter muscle control Incr’d: Frequency & urgency of urination, nocturia (need to urinate during night)

28. Question True or False: The urethra connects the kidneys with the bladder. False Ureters connect kidney to bladder Urethra connect bladder to outside of body

29. Building Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge.

30. Building Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge. Construction started in 2005 & was completed in 2010 & connected states of Nevada & Arizona