1. FAO-EPSO CONSULTATION Role and Emerging Partnerships for Crop Improvement in India Hari S Gupta Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi-110012 India India Indian Agricultural Research Institute

2. Outline Contribution of plant sciences to crop production : Green Revolution Lessons from Green Revolution: inter-regional variations and lack of inclusive growth Future Challenges Partnership between Europe and Developing world with special reference to Africa Way Forward Indian Agricultural Research Institute

3. Unprecedented Progress during the last 60 years Increased agricultural production Increased agricultural production (from 50 MT to 252 MT) (from 50 MT to 252 MT) Higher real income and reduced prices Higher real income and reduced prices (from 1975 to 2007) (from 1975 to 2007) Reduced poverty Reduced poverty (by 40%) (by 40%) Life expectancy doubled Life expectancy doubled (64 years) Indian Agricultural Research Institute

4. Food Grains Production in India Food Grains Production in India Productivity X3 Production X5 Area- marginal inc. Indian Agricultural Research Institute

5. Production and Productivity of Wheat in India Production and Productivity of Wheat in India Prodn.x 9 Yield x3 Area x 2.5 Indian Agricultural Research Institute

6. Mexican Wheat in India Dwarf wheat travelled from Japan to US to Mexico and to India Salmon (USDA) to Vogel (WSU) to Borlaug (CIMMYT) to IARI Rabi 1961-62-Observational Nursery from USDA Summer 1962-Multiplication at Wellington in Southern India Rabi 1962-63-Demonstration at IARI farm in New Delhi Dr. Borlaug invited & visited in March 1963 Rabi 1963-64-Multilocation Trial 4 places Rabi 1964-65-Large Multilocation trails-155 places 1965- Two Mexican Lines Sonora 64 & Lerma Roho 64 A Released for Commercial cultivation by CVRC (CSCSNRV) 18,000 tonnes seeds imported despite scarce foreign exchange Yield increased from 8.3 q/ha in1965-66 to 13 q/ha in 1970-71 Similar was the story in rice with introduction of IR8-dwarf rice INDIA BECAME SELF-SUFFICIENT IN FOOD GRAINS IN EARLY 1970s Indian Agricultural Research Institute

7. Share in crop sub - sector (in percentage) Indian Agricultural Research Institute The Challenges Diversification of Crop sub Sector

8. Production and productivity of rice in India Indian Agricultural Research Institute

9. Source:: Evenson & Gollin (2003) CABI

10. Reasons for Transformation GREEN REVOLUTION Partnership with CGIAR Institutions - Key to success Adoption of HYVs along with associated technology Joint efforts of –Agricultural scientists –Bureaucrats –Farmers –Polity R&D in agriculture in partnership with US Land Grant Institutions- helped in removing the minor deficiencies in Sonora 64 and Lerma Roho 64A

11. Wide Inter-Regional Variations in Yield Sl. No. StateFood grain yield, 2009-10 (t/ha) 1.Punjab4.1 2Tamil Nadu2.5 3West Bengal2.5 4Uttar Pradesh2.2 5Bihar1.5 6Orissa1.4 7Madhya Pradesh1.3  Focus on high potential eastern region for immediate yield gains and inclusive growth

12. Agricultural Production Scenario Agricultural Production Scenario CommodityProduction in 1950 (Million tonnes) Production in 2011 (Million tonnes) Food grains50.00252.0 Vegetables58.50 (91-92)125.0 Fruits28.60 (91-92) 63.6 Milk17.00104.8 Egg (nos.)1.80 53.5 billion Fish0.75 7.3 4-27 times increase in production of various commodities

13. FUTURE CHALLENGES & STRATEGIES TO MEET THEM

14. Food Requirement- Indian Scenario Production 2010-11 (Million tonnes) Rice 103.41 Wheat90.23 Coarse cer41.9 Pulses17.02 Total252.5 Oilseed-31 Million Tonnes Demand 2021 (Million tonnes) 120 100 40 25 285 Indian Agricultural Research Institute RiceWheat Coarse cereals Pulses Total RiceWheat Coarse cereals Pulses Total Will India import food grains in 2023

15. Dr. S. Raman, New Delhi Winter School, 20/3/09 Fresh Water Resources – 4.6 % Land – 2.3 % Population – 17 % Rainfall – 1170 mm Resources and Liabilities XXXXXXXXXXXX Indian Agricultural Research Institute

16. The Challenges Second Generation Problems of Green Revolution -Nutritional Security? -Breaking yield barrier -Decline in Factor Productivity - Soil Health and Water Table declining - Increased Incidence of Diseases and Pests - Climate change- the biggest threat - Indian Agricultural Research Institute

17. The Challenges Incidence of malnutrition among children (< 3 years) Indian Agricultural Research Institute

18. The Challenges Raise Productivity (Small farms holdings) (Small farms holdings) Increase Income (Low Cost technology) Manage Natural Resources Manage Natural Resources Indian Agricultural Research Institute

20. Strategy Irrigation Methods 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 FloodFurrowSprinklerCenter PivotDrip 40%-60% 50%-70% 80%-90% 90%-95% Efficiency 70%-85% Irrigation Efficiency Breeding for response to low water ? Indian Agricultural Research Institute

21. Climate Change : Effect of Enhanced CO 2 Change in insect-pest dynamics Indian Agricultural Research Institute

22. Climate Change Need for Anticipatory Research Indian Agricultural Research Institute

23. Recent Successes  Bt Cotton Area reached 8.4 m ha in 2011 nearly 85% of total area. Production doubled 2.3 mt in 2002 to 4.9 mt in 2010 Pesticide consumption reduced by 40% Income of 5 m farmers increased substantially Cotton export fetched US $ >1.5 billion in 2010  Soybean Area - 30, 000 ha (1970) to 10.3 Mha in 2011 Production - 0.14 MT (1970) to 12.4 MT in 2011 Productivity - 430 kg/ha-----------to 1300 kg/ha in 2011- x3 times 40% contribution to oilseed: 25% to edible oil of the country Indian Agricultural Research Institute

24. Recent Successes- contd Revolution in potato production & productivity Area 0.54 mha in 1950 to 1.8 mha in 2011 Prodn. 1.56mt -------------- to 40 mt in 2011 Prodn. 28 times: Productivity 3 times Basmati Rice : Volume of Export – 8 times in 20 yrs 1990 2010 0.25 mt 2.0 mt Export earning increased by 1,000 times ? Indian Agricultural Research Institute

26. Duration (days) Yield (t/ha) Revolution in Basmati Rice Breeding for Earliness with higher yields Indian Agricultural Research Institute

27. Single Cross Maize Hybrids in India During the last decade, maize production doubled Maize productivity increased by 80% Maize has shown fastest growth rate (~8%) during the last 5 yrs. – highest among cereals Maize production can further be doubled in next decade Hybrid coverage to be increased (from current 35%) QPM will help in reducing protein malnutrition (25% food) QPM- feed for better conversion ratio in poultry (61%) QPM through Marker assisted backcross breeding Baby corn export (1 million US $ in 2008 & 2009) Indian Agricultural Research Institute

28. Maize Yields, 1961-2009 Source: FAO Indian Agricultural Research Institute

29. Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers

30. Way Forward India-Africa Partnership India-Africa Forum Summit in 2008 –Agriculture for meeting growing demand for nutritious food  India-Africa Institute for Agriculture & Rural Development  Farm Science Centers  Seed production-cum- demonstration centers  Rural technology parks  Capacity building in food processing in Sub-Saharan Africa - 500 scholarships in Agril Sciences - 700 Science Fellowships - Short term training courses  Global conference on Conservation Plant Genetic Resources from 4th to 6 th September 2012 –Agro-climatic conditions of Africa is similar to India- Technology can be refined and then taken to Africa Indian Agricultural Research Institute

31. Way Forward - Partnership Past Successes –Rice Biotechnology- Rockefeller Foundation New Programs –Network Projects in crop improvement Maize – MAB for biotic & abiotic stresses- Conservation agriculture for raising system productivity and conserving resources Rice - Golden rice for β carotene Tuber crops for disease-free planting materials Grain legumes for resistance to stored grain pests Indian Agricultural Research Institute

32. Acknowledgements FAO for Invitation EPSO for sponsoring consultation Colleagues at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi & Indian Council of Agricultural Research Indian Agricultural Research Institute

34. Biotechnology at Crossroads? Biotechnology at Crossroads? 134 m ha under transgenic crops since 1966 – 46% in developing countries (China, India, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and South Africa) Crops: Soybean, Maize, Cotton, Canola Traits: Insects, Herbicides, Viruses More than 50 crops and forestry trees are being targeted currently Tissue culture for propagation of plating material for horticultural crops Which is the path we want to take? Science-led or otherwise based on emotions Indian Agricultural Research Institute

37. Bridging the Yield Gap 1. Transfer of Technology a. Dissemination of HYVs - Seed production & SRR - very low b. Balanced use of fertilizers – 156 kg/ha India against 396 kg/ha in China c. Judicious use of water – Increasing WUE d. Increasing cropping intensity – 14 mha rice fallows in Eastern India e. Diversification with HVC & LS - Increasing prod. per unit area & profitability f. Supply of right input- On time and doorstep of farmers 2. Raising Productivity of RFAs- Watershed approach 3. Farming System Approach- Raising system productivity rather than of component crops 3. IPM & IPNM- Biological control & site-specific nutrient management 4. Sustainability to Irrigated Areas- Mung bean in wheat-rice system 5. Linking farmers to market- For increasing profitability Bridging the Yield Gap 1. Transfer of Technology a. Dissemination of HYVs - Seed production & SRR - very low b. Balanced use of fertilizers – 156 kg/ha India against 396 kg/ha in China c. Judicious use of water – Increasing WUE d. Increasing cropping intensity – 14 mha rice fallows in Eastern India e. Diversification with HVC & LS - Increasing prod. per unit area & profitability f. Supply of right input- On time and doorstep of farmers 2. Raising Productivity of RFAs- Watershed approach 3. Farming System Approach- Raising system productivity rather than of component crops 3. IPM & IPNM- Biological control & site-specific nutrient management 4. Sustainability to Irrigated Areas- Mung bean in wheat-rice system 5. Linking farmers to market- For increasing profitability Indian Agricultural Research Institute