1. Painting Encaustic Fresco Tempera Oils Watercolor Gouache Acrylic
Collage & Mosaic
Off The Wall!

2. . • Earliest cave paintings • Natural pigments obtained from
• Plants and nearby
deposits of minerals and
clays
• Blacks from charred wood
• Rembrandt’s time (17th cent)
• Mixed finely ground
pigments with oil by hand
until paint reached desired consistency
• Today paints packaged in tubes or jars, ready to use
William Harnett. A Smoke
Backstage Oil on Canvas. 7”x8”

3. Terms • Pigment • Powdered substance that provides color in paint
• Binder
• Ingredient that ensures paint will adhere to surface
• Medium or Vehicle
• Liquid that holds particles of pigment together without
dissolving them
• Aqueous Media
• Diluted with water
• Watercolors
• Nonaqueous Media
• Require other dilutents
• Oil Paints

4. Terms • Canvas, paper, wood panel, wall or other surface
• Support
• Canvas, paper, wood panel, wall or other surface
on which artist works
• Ground or Primer
• Preliminary coating
• Gesso
• Mixture of white pigment and glue that seals
support.

5. Vehicles and Binders • Watercolor • Vehicle • Oil Paint • Water
• Gum Arabic
• Resin from Acacia tree
• Acrylic
• Acrylic Resin
• Encaustic
• Hot beeswax
• Resin
• Oil Paint
• Vehicle
• Turpentine or its
substitute
• Binder
• Linseed Oil
• Tempera (traditional)
• Water
• Egg Yolk
• Fresco
• Plaster
• Lime in plaster

6. Encaustic
Encaustic paints consist of pigment mixed with wax and resin.
The technique was important during ancient Greece ( the word encaustic comes from the Greek for “burning in”)
When the colors are heated, the wax melts and the paints can be applied freely.
The earliest examples are funeral portraits created during the first centuries of our era in Egypt, which was under Roman rule at the time.

7. Young Woman with a Gold Pectoral, from Fayum. 100-150 C. E
Young Woman with a Gold Pectoral, from Fayum C.E. Encaustic on wood, height 12 ½”

8. Jasper Johns. Flag. 1954–55 Encaustic, oil, and collage on fabric mounted on plywood (three panel 42 1/4 x 60 5/8"

9. Fresco • Fresco • Pigments mixed with water and applied to plaster
support (wall, ceiling)
• Fresco Secco
• “dry fresco” – dry plaster
• Buon Fresco
• “true fresco” – wet lime
plaster
• Wall painting technique
• large-scale murals
• Cartoon
• Full-size drawing of project
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
• Ancient Mediterranean,
China, India, Mexico
• Italian Renaissance

10. Ex. of a cartoon

11. Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510-11
Raphael. The School of Athens Fresco, 26 x 18’,Stanza Della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome

12. Diego Rivera. Mixtec Culture. 1942. Fresco. 16’1 ½ x 10’5 5/8”

13. Tempera • Shares qualities of watercolor and oil paint
• Aqueous medium but dries
to strong, insoluble film
• Retains brilliance and clarity
for centuries
• Vehicle is an emulsion
• Egg yolk, casein (derivative of
milk)
• Dries quickly
• Andrew Wyeth
• Jacob Lawrence

14. Andrew Wyeth. That Gentleman. 1960. Tempera on panel, 23 ½ x 47 ¾”

15. Jacob Lawrence. Cabinet Maker. 1957
Jacob Lawrence. Cabinet Maker Casein tempera on paper, 30 ½” x 22 ½”

16. Jacob Lawrence. Self-Portrait. 1977. Gouache on paper
• Watercolor with inert white pigment added
• Inert pigment is pigment that becomes colorless or virtually colorless in paint
• It makes colors opaque
• Poster paint
• Well suited for large areas of flat, saturated color

17. OILS
Oil paints consist of pigment compounded with oil, usually linseed. The oil acts as a binder, creating as it dries a transparent film in which the pigment is suspended.
Jan van Eyck, a 15th century Netherland artist was claimed to have invented oil painting.
He did not invent it but he can be credited with understanding & exploring its possibilities.

18. Most artists painted on wood panels when oil paints were introduced.
A switch from wood to canvas
Changing styles favored larger paintings.
Wood panels were heavy and would crack, linen canvas could be stretched to almost any size.
As artist came to serve distant patrons, their canvases could be rolled up and shipped safely.
A characteristic of oil paint is it dries very slowly. This creates advantages & disadvantages for the artist.
Advantages- colors could be blended subtly, layers of paints can be applied on top of other layers with little danger of separating or cracking, and the artist could rework areas of the painting forever.
Disadvantages- oils dries so slowly-if pressed for time this is a problem. Oils could take weeks or months to dry.
Glazes—thin translucent veils of color applied over a thick layer of underpainting.
Impasto- any thick application of paint.

19. Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait. ). 1433
Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?) Tempera and oil on panel, 13 1/8 x 101/8”

20. Grisaille • French for “gray” Entire painting in black and white,
Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres. LaComtess d’Haussonville Oil on canvas, 51 7/8” x 36 3/16”
Grisaille
• French for “gray”
Entire painting in black and white,
colored glazes floated over image whose lights and darks show through as modeling

21. Alla Prima • Italian for “all in one go” – completing a
Berthe Morisot. Girl Arranging Her Hair (“the Bath”) Oil on canvas, 35 ¾” x 28 ½”
Alla Prima
• Italian for “all in one go” – completing a
painting in a single session
• Berthe Morisot
• Broken Color
• Individual strokes of
color
• Impasto
• “Paste” in Italian,
where paint is layered
thickly on canvas

22. Watercolor
Watercolor consists of pigment in a vehicle of water and gum arabic, a plant substance that acts like a binder.
The primary characteristic of watercolors is transparency.
• Most common support is paper
• Transparent
• Applied in thin washes
• John Singer Sargent and Winslow Homer
• Classic technique
• Carolyn Brady
• Photorealism
• Elizabeth Peyton
• Makes use of white paper

23. John Singer Sargent. Mountain Stream. C. 1912-14
John Singer Sargent. Mountain Stream. C watercolor and graphite on paper, 13 ¾” x 21”

24. Elizabeth Peyton, Pierre (Tony), 2000
Elizabeth Peyton, Pierre (Tony), Watercolor on paper, 26 3/4" x 40

25. Acrylics
Synthetic Colors or Polymer paints: consists of acrylic resin, polymerized through mixture in water.
When acrylic paint dries , the resin particles combine to form a waterproof film.
Depending on how its used, acrylics can mimic the effects of oil paint, watercolor, gouache, and tempera.

26. David Hockney. Mount Fiji. 1972. Acrylic on canvas, 60 x 48”

27. Takashi Murakami. The Castle of Tin Tin
Takashi Murakami. The Castle of Tin Tin. Acrylic on canvas on board, 10 x 10’

28. BLURRING THE BOUNDARIES
Collage is a French word that means “pasting” or “gluing.”
Attach actual objects such as paper or cloth to the surface.

29. Pablo Picasso. Guitar, Sheet Music, and Glass. 1912
Pablo Picasso. Guitar, Sheet Music, and Glass Pasted paper, gouache, and charcoal, 18 7/8” x 14 ¾’

30. Fred Tomaselli. Head. 2002. Photocollage, gouache, acrylic paint, and resin on wood panel, 11 x 11”

31. Romare Bearden. Mysteries. 1964
Romare Bearden. Mysteries Collage, polymer paint, & pencil on board, 11 ¼ x 141/4”

32. Polly Apfelbaum Matthew Ritchie
OFF THE WALL
Polly Apfelbaum
Matthew Ritchie

33. Polly Apfelbaum. Big Bubbles. 2001
Polly Apfelbaum. Big Bubbles Synthetic velvet, fabric dye; 18’; 1,040 separate pieces.

34. Big Bubbles. 2001

35. Matthew Ritchie "Parents and Children“ (Installation view) 2000