1. IMAGE: NASA Earth Observatory NASA Earth Observatory IMAGE: NASA Earth Observatory NASA Earth Observatory

2. Weather : Day-to-day changes in the atmosphere (TEST YOUR ENGLISH VOCABULARY!) temperature precipitation wind speed wind direction cloud cover humidity air pressure (barometric pressure) sunlight 降水 濕度 雲量 陽光 氣壓 風速 溫度 風向 Adapted from Slide 5, An Introduction to Weather and Climate, mrsfoxgeomrsfoxgeo Adapted from Slide 5, An Introduction to Weather and Climate, mrsfoxgeomrsfoxgeo

3. Climate: Average of weather over a long period of time (~30 years) Source: eusoils.erc.europa.eueusoils.erc.europa.eu

4. REVIEW: The layer of gases surrounding Earth is called the __________. It is composed mainly of __________ and__________. atmosphere nitrogenoxygen

5. The atmosphere is made of layers. Weather takes place in the lowest layer (the troposphere). The atmosphere is made of layers. Weather takes place in the lowest layer (the troposphere). Image: NOAANOAA

6.  Keeps us warm (beneficial greenhouse effect)  Provides living things with the gases we need  Protects us from harmful radiation  Protects us from small meteors

7. The Moon does not have an atmosphere and is extremely cold in the shade… and extremely hot in the sun.

8. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy What are some scientific errors in the typical space battle? There wouldn’t be any sound. There wouldn’t be any fire (no oxygen). The ships wouldn’t be able to bank turns because space is a vacuum.

9. Although the trace gases makes up only 0.4% of the atmosphere, they include the gases that create the greenhouse effect. Image Source: Aspen Global Change InstituteAspen Global Change Institute

10.  Convection cells form because of the difference in temperature between the equator and the poles. Sunlight

11. These convection cells are influenced by the rotation of the earth and the position of landmasses. Model with landmasses Model without landmasses

12. The Great Ocean Conveyor Sinking cool water, rising warm water, and wind help to form global ocean current systems.

13. Adapted from IPCC SYR Figure 4-2 Slide re- adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 24Rich Deem

14. The water cycle is an important part of the climate system. The melting of ice and the evaporation of water require much energy, so these processes are significant in the Earth’s energy budget.

15. Mostly visible light and uv ~30% - reflected by clouds ~20% absorbed by atmosphere ~50% absorbed by the earth’s surface Energy re-emitted from the earth’s surface as infrared radiation (heat) SOLAR RADIATION Most of the outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and trapped in the earth’s atmosphere Images: Barb Deluisi, NOAABarb Deluisi, NOAA

16.  Global average temperature: 14°C  Without the greenhouse effect: -19°C http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/outreach/carbon_toolkit/basics.html (33°C cooler)

17. REVIEW: Name the gases of the Earth’s atmosphere.

18. Which of these gases are greenhouse gases?

19. Water vapor is the most significant greenhouse gas, but excess water vapor rains out in a few days. Excess CO 2, on the other hand, accumulates. That causes the atmosphere to warm, which raises water vapor levels and causes further warming.

20.  The ability of a compound to absorb infrared energy depends how the electrical charges in the molecule are distributed. N2 and O2 do not absorb infrared radiation because both ends of the molecules are the same.

21.  Variations in output of Sun  Variations in the Earth’s orbit: --tilt of Earth’s axis --wobble of the Earth’s tilt in relation to the seasons --shape of the Earth’s orbits  Plate tectonics- position of continents  Volcanic Activity

22. 22.5° 24.5° Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 27Rich Deem

23. Perihelion Aphelion Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 23Rich Deem

24. Perihelion Aphelion Minimum: 0.005 Maximum: 0.061 Not to scale! To Scale! Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 28Rich Deem

25. Age (kya) 10009008007006005004003002001000 Eccentricity (100 ky) Temperature Obliquity (41 ky) Precession (22 ky) Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 25Rich Deem

26.  Burning of fossil fuels  Deforestation  Aerosols (Cooling effect?)  Cement manufacture  Land use  Raising of livestock

27. FEEDBACKS Image: Earth Observatory, NASA: Earth Observatory, NASA

28. POSITIVE (AMPLIFY CHANGES)  Albedo (amount of light the earth reflects) – as ice melts, albedo decreases  Water vapor – as temperatures rise, more water (a greenhouse gas) evaporates  Melting of permafrost- releases CH₄, a greenhouse gas  Release of CO 2 from oceans. Warm water can absorb less CO 2 than cool water NEGATIVE (DECREASE CHANGES)  CO₂ fertilization effect- Increased photosynthesis in plants  Increased weathering?

29. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK……OR POSITIVE FEEDBACK? Images: Global Climate Change, NASAGlobal Climate Change, NASA

30. Sun  97% carbon dioxide  3% nitrogen  Water & sulfuric acid clouds  Temperature: 860°F Venus Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 11Rich Deem

31. Worldwide Carbon Emissions Carbon (10 9 metric tons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 175018001850190019502000 Year Liquid fuel Total Gas fuel Solid fuel Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 14Rich Deem

32. 170 220 270 320 370 0 0 200000 400000 600000 Time (YBP) CO 2 (ppm) Antarctica 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SST (°C) Tropical Pacific Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 46Rich Deem

33. -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1880190019201940196019802000 Year  Mean Temperature (°C) Recorded Worldwide Temperatures Flat Decreasing Flat Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 19Rich Deem

34.  Increasing CO 2 emissions, especially in China and developing countries  Likely to double within 150 years:  Increased coal usage  Increased natural gas usage  Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing supply) Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 16Rich Deem

35.  Some models propose up to 9°C increase this century  Two studies put the minimum at 1.5°C and maximum at 4.5°C or 6.2°C  Another study puts the minimum at 2.5°C Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 57Rich Deem

36.  Conservation  Reduce energy needs  Recycling  Alternate energy sources  Nuclear  Wind  Geothermal  Hydroelectric  Solar  Fusion? Slide adapted from Rich Deem, Slide 64Rich Deem

37. emits 40 million tons of carbon annually the largest coal-fired power station in the world Taichung coal-fired power plant ( 台中火力發電廠 ) Photo: Vincent TingVincent Ting

38.  Why are sunsets red, yellow, and orange?

39. Sunset Chinoteague, Maryland, Tucey PhotographyTucey Photography