Anatomy of Skeletal Elements

Anatomy of Skeletal Elements

The Musculoskeletal system
206 bones grouped into the axial and appendicular skeletons 650 muscles approximately 40% of your body weight also divided into an axial and an appendicular division

Classification of Bones
6 types - based on anatomical classification Long bones = greater length than width Short bones = cube-shaped, spongy bone except at surface Flat bones = two parallel plates of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone layer

Irregular bones = cannot be grouped
Sesamoid bones = develop in tendons where there is considerable friction, tension and stress Sutural bones = located within joints between cranial bones

Bone Markings (surface features)
Used to identify specific elevations, depressions, and openings of bones Bone markings provide distinct and characteristic landmarks for orientation and identification of bones and associated structures.

Bony Processes Depressions and openings
Fissure – narrow slit Foramen – hole for nerves, blood vessels Fossa – cuplike depression Sulcus – furrow on a bone surface, contains a nerve or blood vessel Meatus – tubelike opening Processes – projection or outgrowth on bone for attachment Condyle – smoothened process at end of bone, forms a joint Facet – smooth flat surface, forms a joint Head – rounded condyle on a neck, forms a joint Crest – prominent ridge or projection, for attachment of connective tissues Epicondyle – projection above a condyle, for attachment of connective tissues Line – long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a crest), for attachment of connective tissues Spinous process – sharp, slender projection, for attachment of connective tissues Trochanter – process of the femur, for attachment of connective tissues Tubercle – process of the humerus, for attachment of connective tissues Tuberosity – roughening on a bone surface, for attachment of connective tissues

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: AXIAL DIVISION Part A

Skeletal system includes
Axial division Skull and associated bones Auditory ossicles Hyoid bones Vertebral column Thoracic cage Ribs sternum Appendicular division -Pectoral girdle -Pelvic girdle

The Axial Skeleton Axial division Skull and associated bones
Auditory ossicles Hyoid bones Vertebral column Thoracic cage Ribs sternum

The Skull and Associated Bones

The Adult Skull skull = 22 bones
cranium = 8 bones: frontals, occipital, temporals, parietals, sphenoid and ethmoid facial bones = 14 bones: nasals, maxillae, zygomatics, mandible, lacrimals, palatines, inferior nasal conchae, vomer skull forms a larger cranial cavity -also forms the nasal cavity, the orbits, paranasal sinuses mandible and auditory ossicles are the only movable skull bones skull contains many holes for the passage of nerves and vessels = foramen/foramina cranial bones also: attach to membranes called meninges -stabilize positions of the brain, blood vessels -outer surface provides large areas for muscle attachment that move the head or provide facial expressions

black eyes: superior to the supraorbital ridge is a sharp ridge
-a blow will fracture the bone and result in bleeding & inflammation cleft lip and palate: palatine processes usually unite at embryonic weeks 10-12 -failure results in a hole = cleft palate -the palatine bones themselves may fail to fuse -a split in the upper lip may also result = cleft lip -complications: speech, swallowing, ear infections -> hearing loss -closure of cleft lip - few weeks after birth -closure of cleft palate - 12 to 18 months TMJ: associated with the temperomandibular joint -dull pain around ear, tenderness of jaw, difficulty chewing, headache -results from grinding of teeth and clenching of jaws -no permanent treatments deviated nasal septum: nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves -three components: vomer, septal cartilage & perpendicular plate of the ethmoid -deviation results in a later deflection of the septum -severe deviation may affect breathin

Sutures Immovable joints Form boundaries between skull bones
Four main sutures Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous PLUS lots of smaller sutures e.g Frontonasal e.g. Temperozygomatic

Skull: Posterior View Occipital bone Part of the base of the skull
Surrounds the foramen magnum Forms part of the jugular foramen Skull: Posterior View Mastoid notch

Parietal bones -Part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium

-Forms wall of jugular foramen -Petrous part houses tympanic cavity
Articular Tubercle Squamous portion Petrous Tympanic Frontal process of zygomatic Maxillary process of zygomatic Temporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid Lacrimal bone Temporal bone -Forms wall of jugular foramen -Petrous part houses tympanic cavity Auditory ossicles transmit sound to inner ear

Frontal bone Forms the forehead Roof of the orbit glabella
Internasal suture Zygomatic process of maxilla Frontal process of maxilla Supraorbital ridge Or margin Frontal bone Forms the forehead Roof of the orbit

glabella

The Orbit Orbital complex Bony recess that holds the eye Seven bones
Frontal bone Lacrimal bones Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillae

Skull: Inferior View Basilar Portion Condylar fossa Condylar foramen
Petrous portion Condylar foramen may be present Condylar fossa Basilar Portion

Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I
Skull: Interior View Cerebral surface of Greater wing of sphenoid Foramen Rotundum Hypophyseal fossa Dorsum sella Tuberculum sellae Sella Turcica Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I Lesser wing of sphenoid

Sphenoid bone Contributes to floor of cranium
Bridges cranial and facial bones Optic canal allows passage of optic nerve Pterygoid processes sites of muscle attachment

Ethmoid Bone Irregularly shaped bone Forms part of orbital wall
Forms roof of nasal cavity Cribriform plate Perforations for olfactory nerve Perpendicular plate Nasal septum

Cranial Fossae

Cranial Fossae Depressions in cranial floor Anterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone, ethmoid, lesser wings of sphenoid Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid, temporal bones, parietal bones Posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone, temporal bones, parietal bones

Bones of the Face Maxillae Paired bone Largest facial bones
Form upper jaw

Mandible Entire lower jaw Articulates with temporal bone
Temporomandibular joint

Nasal bones Vomer Inferior nasal concha Zygomatic bone Lacrimal bones
Paired bones Articulate with frontal bone Extend to superior border of external nares Vomer Forms inferior portion of nasal septum Articulates with maxillae and palatines Inferior nasal concha Located on each side of nasal septum Increase epithelial surface Create turbulence in inspired air Zygomatic bone Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone Forms zygomatic arch Lacrimal bones Smallest bones in skull Forms nasolacrimal groove leading to nasolacrimal canal Delivers tears to nasal cavity

Palatine bones Small L-shaped Form posterior portion of hard palate
Contribute to floor of orbit

The Nasal Complex Bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses Hollow airways Frontal bones, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae

Skull: Sagittal View

The Paranasal Sinuses

The Hyoid Bone Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments
Consists of a body, greater horns and lesser horns Base for muscles of the tongue and larynx

The Skulls of Infants, Children and Adults

Fontanels Fibrous connections
Permit infant skulls to pass through birth canal Permit the skulls of infants and children to continue growth The flat bones in the infant skull are separated by fontanels, which allow for cranial expansion and the distortion of the skull during birth.

Adult Vertebral Column
strong, flexible rod average male = 71 cm (28 inches) average female – 61 cm (24 inches) capable of moving anteriorly posteriorly laterally also rotation supports the head encloses and protects the spinal cord allows for the exit of 31 pairs of spinal nerves – through intervertebral foramina

26 vertebrae 24 individual vertebrae Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx – 4 fused vertebrae Seven cervical vertebrae Twelve thoracic vertebrae Five lumbar vertebrae

vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs discs of fibrocartilage made up of an outer ring and a softer inner region found between C1 and C2 and all the way down to between L5 and the sacrum form the joints of the vertebral column absorb shock – flatten, broaden and bulge outward weakening in the outer ring can allow the herniation of the inner material

Spinal Curvature Four curvatures: increase the strength of the column
Thoracic (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the fetus Sacral (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the fetus Cervical (secondary) – forms when the baby holds its head erect Lumbar (secondary) – forms upon walking

Every vertebrae has the following:
1. body – weight bearing part of the vertebra separated by the discs 2. vertebral arch – surrounds the spinal cord surrounds a hole called a vertebral foramen 3. processes – seven of them 1. Spinous (1) – muscle attachment 2. Transverse (2) – muscle attachment 3. Superior articular (2) – forms joint with upper vertebra 4. Inferior articular (2) – forms joint with lower vertebra Cervical Vertebra

Thoracic Vertebra Lumbar

Fused Vertebrae: The sacrum & coccyx
Sacrum - Union of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5) – completely fused by age 30 median sacral crest = spinous processes sacral ala = fused transverse processes sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus Coccyx = Union of 4 vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) – completely fused by age 30

Sternum & Rib Cage sternum is comprised of three portions:
manubrium body xiphoid process 12 pairs of ribs -three kinds of ribs: 1. True – separate & direct connection to the sternum via costal cartilage 2. False – no direct connection to the sternum – joined via a composite piece of costal cartilage 3. Floating – no connection to the sternum

Sternum & Rib Cage several muscles and muscle groups either originate from the sternum and/or ribcage (or costal cartilages) or insert onto these structures sternum: sternocleidomastoid sternohyoid & sternothryoid – depresses hyoid bone and larynx ribcage: intercostals – external and internal serratus anterior & posterior numerous muscles of the vertebral column pectoralis major & minor 4 muscles of the abdominal wall

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: APPENDICULAR DIVISION Part A

Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbs Pectoral and pelvic girdles Connect limbs to trunk

Shoulder Girdle Includes Squares shoulders Helps move the upper limb
Scapula (shoulder blade) Clavicle (collarbone) Squares shoulders Helps move the upper limb Provides a base for muscle attachment

Clavicle S-shaped bone
Connects manubrium of sternum to the acromion process of scapula Only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton

The Scapula Medial or vertebral border is the insertion point for the rhomboids, levator scapulae & serratus anterior Two processes attached to ligaments and tendons Coracoid process – e.g insertion for pectoralis minor, origin of biceps Acromion process – e.g. origin of the deltoid continues on to become the scapular spine Articulates at the round head of the humerus to form the glenohumoral joint Articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

Figure 7.5a, b The Scapula

The Humerus articulates with glenoid cavity
articular capsule attaches at anatomical neck trochlea and capitulum form joints with the ulna and radius = elbow joint numerous muscles insert at greater and lesser tubercle greater tubercle – insertion of 3 rotator cuff muscles + pectoralis major lesser tubercle – insertion for the other rotator cuff intertubercular groove – insertion for latissimus dorsi deltoid tuberosity insertion of deltoid muscle

The Radius and Ulna Parallel bones of the forearm
radial tuberosity – insertion point for the biceps brachii Olecranon process of ulna articulates with olecranon fossa of humerus olecranon process is a major point of muscle attachment for the triceps Coronoid fossa of humerus accommodates coronoid process of ulna insertion for the major forearm flexor = brachialis

Carpal Bones Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle
8 wrist bones Two rows, proximal and distal scaphoid bone, lunate bone, triquetrum, pisiform trapezium, trapezoid bone, capitate bone, hamate bone scaphoid = most commonly injured carpal bone fall on the outstretched hand – fracture into two separate pieces (tears blood vessels) Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle

Metacarpal Bones Articulate with distal carpals
Distally articulate with phalanges Fingers have three phalanges Pollex has two

The Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle consists of the two ossa coxae.
Ilium Ischium Pubis Ilium Largest hip bone Acetabulum Accommodates head of femur Fused to ischium posteriorly Fused to pubis anteriorly Pubic symphysis limits movement

The Pelvic Girdle os coxa Ilium Ischium Pubis
The pelvic girdle consists of the two ossa coxae united at the pubic symphysis anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly union between pelvis and sacrum = sacroiliac joint os coxa Ilium Ischium Pubis

The Pelvic Girdle Ilium Pubis Largest hip bone
Fused to ischium posteriorly Fused to pubis anteriorly via the superior ramus Pubis “pubic bone” superior & inferior ramus rami connect to the ilium and ischium surrounds the obturator foramen pubic symphysis is pad of fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones known as an amphithrotic (slightly movable) joint Ischium “sit bones” ischial spine & tuberosity ischial tuberosity – site of origin for hamstrings and adductor magnus lesser sciatic notch ramus unites with the pubis

superior pubic ramus for origin of the hip adductor pectineus
iliac fossa for origin of iliacus iliac crest for origin of gluteus maximus and medius anterior gluteal line for origin of gluteus medius anterior superior iliac spine for origin of sartorius anterior inferior iliac spine for origin of rectus femoris greater sciatic notch for passage of sciatic nerve inferior pubic ramus for origin of iliacus (hip flexor), gracilis, adductor brevis and magnus (hip adductors) superior pubic ramus for origin of the hip adductor pectineus pubic crest/tubercle for origin of adductor longus

Figure 7.12a-c Divisions of the Pelvis

Female vs. Male Pelvis Smoother Lighter Less prominent markings
Enlarged pelvic outlet Less sacral curvature Wider more circular pelvic inlet Broader pubic angle

Female Pelvis Smoother Lighter Less prominent markings
Enlarged pelvic outlet Less sacral curvature Wider more circular pelvic inlet Broader pubic angle

The Femur Longest bone in body Rounded head on an anatomical neck
takes 5 months to completely replace Rounded head on an anatomical neck fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint Distal medial and lateral condyles articulate with tibia – to form the knee joint knee joint is a hinge joint capable of one plane of motion

Large tendon attachments to the trochanters and the linea aspera
roughened line on the back of the femur origin for the hamstring biceps femoris (short head) & the knee extensor vastus medialis also the insertion point for adductor longus, brevis and magnus Greater and lesser trochanters greater trochanter – origin of vastus lateralis (knee extensor) & the insertion point for the hip abductors: gluteus medius and minimus and piriformis lesser trochanter – insertion for iliopsoas (hip flexor)

The Patella Large sesmoid bone
Forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle group Patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity This sesamoid bone forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris.

The Tibia Largest medial bone of leg Tibial tuberosity Anterior margin
Interosseous border Medial malleolus Medial support for talocrural joint

The Tibia & Fibula Tibia - largest medial bone of leg
condyles of the tibia form the knee joint with the condyles of the femur Tibial tuberosity – site of insertion for the quadriceps femoris Anterior margin or crest – known as the “shin bone” Medial malleolus medial support for talocrural joint of the ankle

The Tarsus Seven tarsal bones calcaneus = heel
weight of body transferred through this bone! talus – forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula ligaments from the two malleolus processes reinforce this joint navicular cuboid 3 cuneiform bones

weight passing through the calcaneus then passes along to 5 metatarsal bones
-Longitudinal arch -Transverse arch

Joints

Supportive Connective tissues: types
-cartilage & bone 1. Cartilage: -cells = chondrocytes -matrix = collagen fibers embedded in a gel-like ground-substance -collagen type II -ground substance - water + proteoglycans -proteoglycans - protein + sugars e.g. chondroitin sulfate glucosamine -functions in support, attachment, protection -in developing child - model for future bone (endochondral bone) -avascular tissue - produces anti-angiogenic chemicals (inhibits growth of blood vessels) -therefore diffusion is the main mode of transport Proteoglycan

-3 types: 1) Hyaline - most common
- “glass” - ends of bones, within joints (synovial, articular), - end of nose, supports respiratory passages

2. Elastic - flexible cartilage
- external ears and parts of larynx

3. Fibrocartilage - very tough -> more collagen fibers
- shock absorber e.g. intervertebral discs of the knee

Classification of Joints

Articulations Wherever two bones interact
Function depends on structure can classify according to: structure – i.e. what they are made of fibrous cartilagenous synovial B. function - movement No movement = synarthrotic Slight movement = amphithrotic Extensive movement = diathrotic

Fibrous joints lack a synovial cavity
articulating surfaces are held very closely by fibrous connective tissue three types 1. Sutures: composed a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue -unites the bones of the skull e.g. coronal suture -interlocking edges of the suture gives them strength -immovable joint 2. Syndesmoses: greater distance between articular edges -more fibrous connective tissue -connective tissue arranged as a sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle (ligament) -slightly movable e.g. tibiofibular ligament connecting the tibiofibular joint e.g. interosseous membranes between the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula 3. Gomphoses: cone shaped peg fits into a socket e.g articulations of the roots of the teeth with the jaw -held by the periodontal ligament -immovable

Cartilagenous joints lacks a synovial cavity
allows little or no movement articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 1. Synchondroses: connecting material is hyaline cartilage e.g. epiphyseal plate of a growing bone -immovable 2. Symphyses: ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but are connected by a flat disc of fibrocartilage -all symphyses occur at the midline of the body e.g. pubic symphysis - connects two ends of the pubis bones e.g. intervertebral joints between the bodies of 2 vertebrae -slightly movable

Synovial joints presence of a synovial cavity between the articulating bone surfaces freely movable lined with hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage filled with a fluid called synovial fluid surrounded by a fibrous capsule – inside is lined with a synovial membrane movement is along three possible axes: Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial or Multiaxial 6 subtypes: 1. planar/gliding 2. hinge 3. pivot 4. condyloid 5. saddle 6. ball and socket

Synovial Joints: General Anatomy
Articular/Joint capsule encloses joint cavity continuous with periosteum of the bones of the joint lined by a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces Articular discs and menisci found in the jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces Tendon attaches muscle to bone Ligament attaches bone to bone

Synovial joint subtypes:
1. Planar/Gliding joints : articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved -permit side to side or back and forth gliding motions -non axial - no motions around an axis -some books say they are limited monaxial joints e.g. intercarpal joints of the wrist bones e.g. intertarsal joints of the ankle bones 2. Hinge joints: convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface -produces an angular, open and close movement -movement is in one plane of motion = monaxial 3. Pivot joints: rounded or pointed end of one bone fits into a ring of another -also monaxial -rotates around a longitudinal axis e.g atlas-axis joint - first 2 vertebrae

4. Condyloid joints: or ellipsoid joints
-convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone -biaxial = two planes of motion e.g. metacarpals and proximal phalanges e.g. metatarsals and proximal phalanges e.g. atlanto-occipital joint 5. Saddle joints: articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped -modified condyloid joint -biaxial – but more moveable than condyloid joints e.g. thumb metacarpal and trapezium carpal bone = trapeziometacarpal joint 6. Ball and socket joints: ball-like end of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another -multiaxial - several planes of motion e.g. hip joint, shoulder joint

Three categories based on range of motion
Synarthroses Immovable joints Amphiarthroses Slightly movable joints Diarthroses Freely movable joints

Synarthroses Bony edges may interlock Sutures Gomphosis Synchondrosis
Between skull bones Gomphosis Between teeth and jaw Synchondrosis Epiphyseal plate Synostosis Fused bones

Amphiarthroses Limited movements Syndesmosis Symphysis
Collagen fibers connect bones e.g. tibiofibular joint Symphysis Bones are separated by cartilage pad e.g. pubic symphysis

Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Wide range of movement Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage Lubricated by synovial fluid Enclosed with joint capsule Accessory structures Menisci Fat pads Ligaments Tendons Bursae Tendon sheaths

Joint Description for the diathrotic joints – there are a number of axes along which movement is permitted Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial

Joints: Range of Motion
Degrees through which a joint can move Determined by structure of the articular surfaces strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and capsule stretching of ligaments increases range of motion double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments action of the muscles and tendons nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone

Rotational Movements Movement on longitudinal axis
rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm Medial rotation turns the bone inwards Lateral rotation turns the bone outwards

Rotational Movements Medial and lateral rotation of the hand – called pronation & supination in the foot we call it eversion and inversion

Special movement terms
Pronation/Supination Eversion/Inversion Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion Lateral flexion Opposition Protraction/retraction Elevation/depression

Movements of Head and Trunk
Special movement terms Movements of Head and Trunk Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of vertebral column

Movements of Mandible Lateral excursion = sideways movement Medial excursion = movement back to the midline side-to-side grinding during chewing Protraction – retraction of mandible

Movement of Hand and Digits
Special movement terms Movement of Hand and Digits Radial and ulnar flexion Abduction of fingers and thumb Opposition is movement of the thumb to approach or touch the fingertips Reposition is movement back to the anatomical position

Movements of the Foot Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned medially Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally

Describing dynamic motion of diathrotic joints
Linear motion/Gliding Back and forth or side to side Angular motion Angle between shaft and surface changes flexion, extension, lateral extension, hyperextension abduction, adduction and circumduction Rotation Spinning of shaft on longitudinal axis pivot and ball and socket joints rotation inward - medial rotation rotation outward - lateral rotation

Representative Articulations

The Temporomandibular Joint
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Condylar processes of mandible Thick articular disc Supporting structures Dense capsule Temporomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament Sphenomandibular ligament Loose hinge joint

Figure 8.7b The TMJ

Intervertebral Articulations
Articular processes of adjacent vertebrae Symphyseal joints at bodies Ligaments bind vertebrae Permits flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Intervertebral discs separate
-outer fibrous ring of fibrocartilage called the annulus fibrosis -inner, soft, pulpy elastic material called the nucleus pulposus

Figure 8.9b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs

The Sternoclavicular Joint
Gliding joint Sternal end of clavicle and manubruim of sternum Articular disc Supports include -Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments -Intercalvicular ligaments -Costoclavicular ligaments

The Shoulder Joint Glenohumoral joint Loose shallow joint
Glenoid fossa and head of humerus Loose shallow joint Greatest range of motion Strength and stability are sacrificed Supported by ligaments and muscles Many bursae

The Elbow Joint Hinge joint Flexion and extension
Includes humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint Supported by Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments Annular ligaments

The Joints of the Wrist Three joints Distal radioulnar joint
Pivot diarthrosis Pronation / suppination Radiocarpal joint Ellipsoidal articulation Flexion/extension Adduction/ abduction circumduction Intercarpal joints Gliding joints

Joints of the Hand Intercarpal joints Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Gliding Carpometacarpal joint of thumb Saddle Carpometacarpal joints Metacarpophalangeal joints Ellipsoidal Interphalangeal joints Hinge

The Hip Joint Ball and socket diarthrosis
Acetabulum of os coxae and head of femur Flexion / extension Adduction / abduction Circumduction Rotation Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Transverse acetabular ligaments Ligament of femoral head

The Knee Joint Complex hinge joint Resembles three separate joints
Medial condyles of femur and tibia Lateral condyles of femur and tibia Patella and patellar surface of femur Flexion / extension Limited rotation Support is not a single unified capsule Not a single fluid cavity Fibrocartilage pads Medial and lateral menisci Fat pads Seven major ligaments bind knee joint Popliteals Patellar Anterior and posterior cruciates Tibial and fibular collaterals

Figure 8.17d The Knee Joint, Part II

The Joints of the Ankle and Foot
Hinge joint Inferior surface of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus Primary joint is tibiotalar Stabilizing ligaments Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion Intertarsal joints Gliding Tarsometatarsal joints Metatarsophalangeal Interphanageal Hinge

Anatomy of Skeletal Elements

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