1. Adjective Clauses 形容詞子句

2. The House that Jack Built This is the horse and the hound and the horn That belonged to the farmer sowing his corn That kept the cock that crowed in the morn That woke the priest all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built.

3. A clause… …. is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. 子句是一組包含一個主詞和一個動詞的關連字。 Examples: I missed the train that my classmates were on because I was looking for a parking place

4. There are 2 kinds of clauses: Expresses a complete thought Forms a sentence by itself Expresses a complete thought Forms a sentence by itself Does not express a complete thought Must be joined to an independent clause Does not express a complete thought Must be joined to an independent clause Independent (Main) Clause 獨立 ( 主要 ) 子句 Dependent (Subordinate) Clause 從屬 ( 附屬 ) 子句 EXAMPLE: I missed the train… EXAMPLES: …that my classmates were on …because I was looking for a parking place

5. Dependent clauses can function as Adverbs ( 副詞 ) Example: We left before the movie ended. Adjectives ( 形容詞 ) Example: I love the bracelet that you gave me. Nouns ( 名詞 ) Example: You didn’t hear what I said.

6. An adjective clause…... functions as an adjective in a sentence. 形容詞子句 的功用有如多字的形容詞 。 Example: “A man who won't die for something is not fit to live.” --Martin Luther King

7. An adjective clause meets these three requirements: It contains a subject and a verb. It functions as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one? It begins with a relative pronoun ( 關係代名詞 ): (who, whom, whose, that, or which) or a relative adverb ( 關係副 詞 : when, where, or why)…. However, in some adjective clauses (Type 2 in the next slide), the relative pronoun can be dropped. Which train? the train… ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: …that my classmates were on

8. The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns: (The relative pronoun CANNOT be omitted.) Example: I love the person who gave me the bracelet. (The relative pronoun can be omitted.) Example: I love the bracelet [that] you gave me. TYPE 1: RELATIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT OF CLAUSE TYPE 2: RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT OF CLAUSE 關係代名詞當受詞用時通常可以省略， 但若其前面有介系詞或逗點時，則不可以省略。

9. Chinese-to-English translation: 剛剛經過的那個學生 the student who just passed by NEEDS A RELATIVE PRONOUN TO BE THE SUBJECT— (YOU CANNOT LEAVE OUT that / which / who… UNLESS YOU CAN REDUCE THE CLAUSE TO A PARTICIPLE PHRASE  SEE SLIDE 12 ) T 你剛剛經過的那個學生 the student [whom] you just passed [by] THE RELATIVE PRONOUN CAN BE OMITTED (YOU CAN LEAVE OUT that / which / whom ) TYPE 1: VERB + 的 (NO SUBJECT) TYPE 2: SUBJECT +VERB

10. Translate the following adjective clauses. Which clauses have subjects? English translation: 想去中國的人 妳推薦的那本書 一隻會打乒乓球的狗 他今天所穿的西裝 在俄羅斯墜落的隕石 震憾世界的七日 沒有人能否認的一個事實 people want to go to China the book [that] you recommended a dog that can play pingpong the suit [that] he is wearing today the meteorite that fell in Russia seven days that shocked the world a fact [that] no one can deny people who want to go to China

11. Can you combine the sentences by making one into a subordinate clause? One employee made a mistake. The mistake cost our company thousands of dollars. One employee made a mistake cost our company thousands of dollars. One employee made a mistake that cost our company thousands of dollars.

12. Can you combine the sentences by making one into a subordinate clause? I want to talk to a person at your store. The person sold me an iPhone last week. I want to talk to the person at your store sold me an iPhone last week. I want to talk to the person at your store who sold me an iPhone last week.

13. Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3 1. Last month, Charlie fell in love with Amy. He had been introduced to her by some friends. Last month, Charlie fell in love with Amy, who had been introduced to him by some friends. 2. She had a number of positive characteristics. Charlie found these characteristics quite attractive. She had a number of positive characteristics that Charlie found attractive.

14. 3. She has a responsible position in a company. The company produces computer programs. She has a responsible position in a company that produces computer programs. 4. Information technology is a fast-growing field. Charlie is also interested in information technology. Information technology is a fast-growing field that Charlie is also interested in. Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3

15. 5. Hobbies involve athletics and being outdoors. Both of them like these hobbies. Both of them like hobbies that involve athletics and being outdoors. 6. Charlie introduced the woman to his parents. He had been dating the woman for several weeks. Charlie introduced the woman, whom he had been dating for several weeks, to his parents. Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3

16. 7. She has a wonderful sense of humor. This makes their times together relaxing and enjoyable. She has a wonderful sense of humor that makes their times together relaxing and enjoyable. 8. From the first time they met, Charlie felt there was a special understanding between them. He was unable to explain this understanding. From the first time they met, Charlie felt there was a special understanding between them that he was unable to explain. Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3

17. Reducing an adjective clause into a participle phrase If a an adjective clause contains the BE verb with a participle (-ing or –ed form of the) verb, you can change it into a participle phrase by dropping the relative pronoun and the BE verb: the students [who are] standing in the hallway  the students standing in the hallway the houses [that were] destroyed by the earthquake  the houses destroyed by the earthquake

18. Can you combine the sentences by making one into a subordinate clause? Two children were sitting next to me. They were playing computer games. The two children [who were] sitting next to me were playing computer games.

19. Verb agreement An adjective clause is related by the relative pronoun to a noun in the main clause (called the antecedent). If the noun is the subject of the clause and is singular, the verb in the adjective clause must be singular; if the noun is plural, the verb in the adjective clause must be plural. 一位 想去中國的人  a person who wants to go to China 想去中國的人  people who want to go to China

20. Choosing who, whom, whose, that, which When the noun is a person: use who (Type 1 Adjective Clause) or whom (Type 2 Adjective Clause) 當選的候選人 (present tense, singular) The candidate who is elected 我非常佩服的一個人 A person [whom] I admire greatly NOTE: Americans rarely use whom in speaking.

21. If the noun is not a person, use: that [or which] if the clause is restrictive ( 限定子句 ): --answers the question “What kind?” or “Which?” The drug[that/ which] I am taking is new… which if the clause is non-restrictive ( 非限定子句 ): --just adds additional information-- The drug, which was developed by a Swiss pharmaceutical company, has few side effects.

22. Choosing who, whom, whose, that, which… …according to the MOE: 主格受格所有格 人 whowhomwhose 事物 或 動物 which whose 人 + 事物 或 動物 that hsmaterial.moe.edu.tw/file/en/G_14/G_14_3/G_14_3.ppt 主格受格所有格 人 whowhomwhose 事物 或 動物 that / which whose 人 + 事物 或 動物 that …according to authorities in English :

23. Punctuation of adjective clauses Don’t use commas if the clause is restrictive ( 限定子句 )— necessary to identify or define the person, thing, group, etc. : The teacher decided to give the students who had failed the test a second chance. Use commas if the clause is non-restrictive ( 非限定子句 )— just adding extra information: The students, who had all failed the test, were very depressed.

24. Who cares about a few commas?... … Well, you tell me—who has to take the final exam? 1. The students in your class who have perfect grammar do not have to take the final examination. Probably none of the students in your class have perfect grammar, so it is likely that all of you have to take the final examination. 2. The students in your class, who have perfect grammar, do not have to take the final examination. Incredibly, all of the students in your class have perfect grammar, so none of you have to take the final examination. Who said that commas don’t make a difference?

25. Chinese-to-EnglishTranslation Be careful with sentences that begin with 有 : 有些人會散發出 ( 蚊子偏好的 ) 氣味。 an odor that mosquitoes prefer There are some people give off an odor that mosquitoes prefer. Some people give off an odor [a scent] that mosquitoes prefer.

26. Chinese-to-EnglishTranslation ( 想到的 ) 第一個人選就是你。 The first candidate think of is you. The first person I/we thought of [for the position] was you. You were the first person I/we thought of. Google Translator: Think the first person selected.

27. Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5 1. I read a book that it was published last year. I read a book that it was published last year. 2. I saw an article which your professor wrote it. I saw an article which your professor wrote it. 3. Jeff and Matt have been living in the city of San Francisco, that is located in San Francisco, that is located in California, since 1990. Jeff and Matt have been living in the city of San Francisco, that which is located in California, that is located in California, since 1990.

28. 4. This the person to whom Charlie gave her flowers. This the person to whom Charlie gave her flowers. 5. I met the person who Charlie told me about her. I met the person [who(m)] Charlie told me about her. 6. The teacher that I studied with her has become quite famous. The teacher [that (whom)] I studied with her has become quite famous. Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5

29. 7. The money that you loaned me some last week is there on the table. The money that you loaned me some last week is there on the table. 8. The resort that we read about it in the newspaper is becoming more and more popular. The resort that we read about it in the newspaper is becoming more and more popular. Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5

30. 9. The people whom I visited them last year are coming here for a visit. The people whom I visited them last year are coming here for a visit. 10. My father, that lives in San Diego, loves sailing. My father, that who lives in San Diego, loves sailing. Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5