1. DuPont™ Zorvec® Enicade® fungicide
Use in onions
Environmental Protection Authority Public Hearing
9th March 2016, Wellington

2. Outline Introduction Onion industry and Downy mildew overview
Fungicide resistance
Importance of resistance management
Benefits of Zorvec® Enicade®
Comparison with existing products
Conclusion

3. DuPont™ Zorvec® Enicade® fungicide
2012:
Most innovative chemistry
2014:
Best formulation innovation
DuPont™ Zorvec® Enicade® fungicide
Oil dispersible formulation containing: 100 g/L Oxathiapiprolin
Target crop
Onions
Target weeds
Downy mildew
Application rate
350 mL/ha (35 g ai/ha) plus Protectant fungicide
No of appl.
Maximum of 2 applications
Application timing
5 leaf stage or later
Application method
Ground boom
Withholding periods
10 days
Add text

4. NOVEL SITE and MODE of ACTION
New Answers
Improved effectiveness and favourable environmental profile
Oomycete specific OSBP domain
Highly selective against Downy mildew species for reduced environmental load
Very low toxicity to a number of non-target organisms
Zorvec binds in the Oxysterol Binding Protein (OSBP) domain
DuPont™ Zorvec™
New site and mode of action deliver effective control and a favourable environmental profile with no cross resistance
Provides a new tool for Integrated Disease Management

5. New Zealand Onion Industry
Year ending June
Total Onion
(ha)
1994
4929
2002
5621
2003
5748
2005
4931
2007
4594
2009
4511
2011
5142
2012
5718
2014
5067
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Source: Maggy Wassilieff. 'Market gardens and production nurseries - Contribution to the economy', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 16-Dec

6. Importance of the Onion industry
Agriculture Forestry Fishing and Mining employs 7.8% off the Māori community1
There are 900 Federation of Māori Authorities Horticulture Farms (FoMA) with an average size of 7 ha (~0.8% share of total NZ Horticultural farms)2
Onions are approximately 10% of Horticultural outdoor cropping area2
Onion industry export value is worth around $100 million and is the third equal largest fresh horticulture export crop (Projected FoMA share of export value: $1 million)
85% of NZ Onion production exported to 24 markets around the world
1 Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Labour Force Survey, June 2015; MBIE
2 Statistics New Zealand - Agricultural Production Statistics: June 2011
3 Statistics New Zealand - Agricultural Production Statistics: June 2012

7. Comments from Onions New Zealand
The production of bulb onions in New Zealand is challenged by a number of pests and diseases which affect the quality and productivity of crops. While crop rotation and other cultural management techniques can assist in reducing the incidence of some major diseases in onion crops, this is not the case for downy mildew, considered the most invasive foliar disease of the crop.
Following crop monitoring, downy mildew is best controlled by applications of targeted fungicides, preferably commencing at the first signs of disease. The choices of fungicides available to growers provide some curative activity, but mostly by way of protection of foliage during high risk periods.
There is at least one known case of fungicide resistance to downy mildew and anecdotal evidence to other materials. The addition of a new chemical group will provide a useful tool for growers to apply in rotation

8. What makes the ideal fungicide?
Fungicide discovery:
What makes the ideal fungicide?
Novel mode of action
Low use rate
Broad spectrum
Favourable environmental profile
Long residual activity
Curative activity
Systemic within host plant
Low cost
Key attributes: New mode of action, low use rate and favourable environmental profile

9. Onion – Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor)
Elongated (3-30 cm long), pale yellow lesions on both sides of leaves, covered by greyish-violet down, leaf tips shrivel
Leaves dry up, starting with older and outer leaves and progressing to young leaves, until the entire plant may be killed
Damage to foliage leads to small size and poor storage quality of onion bulbs - losses
Actual yield losses in onions of 60 to 75% have been recorded1
1 Goncalves P. A. de S., Sousa E., Silva C. R., B off P.Incidence of downy mildew in onion growing under mineral and organic fertilization // Horticulture Brasileira. – 2004, vol. 22 (3), p. 538–542
Source: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

10. Continued use of fungicide A
Resistance is a change within a population
Fungicide A is effective
Continued use of fungicide A
= resistant strain
Resistance to fungicide A
Native State
Prior to fungicide use
Population is sensitive
Random mutation(s) may survive BUT at extremely low levels
Emergence
Fungicide use begins
Advantage shifts to resistant (R) isolate(s) resulting in gradual increase in the population
Undetectable population shift due to other survival factors
Selection
Fungicide use continues
Resistance advantage overwhelms survival factors
Rapid increase in R isolates
Resistance detected
Continued overuse of a fungicide can select for resistant strains in a population and eventually result in some level of resistance

11. Factors associated with resistance management
Fungicide
Risk
Agronomic
Pathogen
Overall
Resistance
Fungicide risk
Efficacy
Site of action (single vs multisite)
Novel mode of action
Resistance mechanisms
Pathogen risk
Epidemiology (cycles per season)
Opportunity for recombination
History with other fungicides
Agronomic factors
Influence resistance development
Specific to crop and geography
Modifying agronomic practices reduces the risk of resistance associated with a fungicide or pathogen

12. Fungicide resistance management
Resistance management strategies consider both the fungicide and the pathogen
Factors linked with high risk fungicide:
High efficacy at low rates
Affects multiple life cycle stages
Novel, single site of action
Factors linked with high risk pathogen:
Short life cycle with many generations
High genetic variability
Resistant strains are fit
Greater
risk
Brent, K.J. and Hollomon, D.W Fungicide Resistance: The assessment of risk. FRAC Monograph No. 2 second (revised edition.
Potential for resistance development is based on risk associated with the fungicide as well as risk associated with target pathogen

13. Why fungicide resistance management is crucial
Continued grower need for new fungicides
Due to disease resistance, loss of older products, emergence of new diseases
Discovery and development costs for new products continue to increase
Average cost of $256 million, increased need to keep existing products working longer
Difficult to find new compounds
On average, need to evaluate >140,000 compounds to find one new product
Discovery to development of a new product takes 8-10 years
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Discovery process
Cost to discover and develop a new product continues to increase
More difficult to find a new product
Source (chart): Phillips McDougall Industry Presentation, March 2015

14. Zorvec ® Enicade ® anti-resistance strategies
Used as part of a Downy mildew control program
Maintain a regular protectant spray programme. Apply when conditions favour disease development but BEFORE the disease is evident.
Restrict the maximum number of applications
Max 2 per season ensuring it is <33% of the total foliar Downy mildew fungicide program
Chemistry diversity
change to a fungicide from another chemical group
Strong label language for resistance management
Avoid eradicant use
Practice integrated disease management

15. Zorvec ® Enicade ® anti-resistance strategies
tank mix with a registered Downy mildew protectant fungicide at registered rates for resistance management
Based on Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) recommend tank mixing high resistant risk fungicides with low risk multisite products
Improves disease control
Provides control security when resistance is present
Resistance management
Multi modes of action
Tank mix

16. Impact of tank mixtures on Aquatic toxicity
None expected. As with all mixtures and tank mixes with oxathiapiprolin, the aquatic toxicity will be driven by the mixture partner.
Consistent with the principle that synergy is not expected, synergy has not been observed with any oxathiapiprolin mixtures.
Famoxadone, Dimethomorph, Folpet
So, aquatic effects will be consistent with those seen for protectant fungicide being tank mixed

17. Advantages of Zorvec® Enicade® fungicide
New mode of action with no cross resistance
Reliable control, even under challenging environmental conditions
Rainfast in 20 minutes of spray drying
Excellent disease control at low rates
Excellent crop safety
Protects treated leaves as they grow and expand – no spread of disease
Compatibility with a wide range of products
Reduced trade issues (residues below LOQ after 10 days)
Has lower hazard classification than many existing fungicides

18. Lower use rate than other Downy mildew products
Highly effective at very low use rate
Zorvec

19. Early use of Zorvec Enicade = optimum disease control
DuPont™ Zorvec® Enicade® trial results
Earlier application of Zorvec® Enicade® significantly increased % control First application at 5 leaf stage (97 DAS), Second at 7 leaf stage, Third at beginning of bulb initiation
Early use of Zorvec Enicade = optimum disease control
AUL Peracto Tasmania

20. Onion Positioning trial 2014/15
Zorvec® Enicade® +metiram x2, f.b dimethomorph
Standard – Mancozeb, metalaxyl, dimethomorph.
Untreated

21. Rev: 12-Feb-2015

22. Rev: 12-Feb-2015

23. Zorvec ® Enicade ® vs existing alternatives
Substance
Zorvec® Enicade®
Reason HSR001758
Acrobat MZ690
HSR000531
Pristine HSR007853
Ridomil Gold MZ
HSR
Revus HSR007779
Scarpa HSR007636
Zampro
HSR100709
Active(s)
Oxathiapiprolin
Fenamidone
Mancozeb + Dimethomorph
Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin
Mancozeb + Metalaxyl-M
Mandipropamid
Dimethomorph
Ametoctradin + Dimethomorph
Active content
100 g/L
500 g/L
600 g/kg g/kg
252 g/kg g/kg
640 g/kg + 40 g/kg
250 g/L
300 g/L
+ 225 g/L
Maximum use rate
350 mL/ha
300 mL/ha
2 kg/ha
1.6 kg/ha
600 mL/ha
360 mL/ha
800 mL
Total amount of active(s) applied/ha 35
150
1380
608
1360
180
420
Tank mix required
Yes with protectant
Premix No
Comment
Suppression only
Tank mix / premix protocol comparable with competitors

24. Zorvec ® Enicade ® vs existing alternatives - toxicity
HSNO classification
Substance
Zorvec Enicade
Reason HSR001758
Acrobat MZ
HSR000531
Pristine HSR007853
Ridomil Gold MZ
HSR000470
Revus HSR007779
Scarpa HSR007636
Zampro
HSR100709
6.1
Acute (oral/dermal/inhal) D
6.3
Skin corrosivity A
6.4
Eye corrosivity
6.5
Sensitisation B
6.6
Mutagenicity
6.7
Carcinogenicity
6.8
Reproduction
6.9
Target organ
Favourable toxicity profile

25. Excellent environmental profile
Zorvec® Enicade ® vs existing alternatives – environmental classification
HSNO classification
Substance
Zorvec Enicade
Reason HSR001758
Acrobat
HSR000531
Pristine HSR007853
Ridomil Gold MZ
HSR
Revus HSR007779
Scarpa HSR007636
Zampro
HSR100709
9.1
Aquatic D A B C
9.2
Soil
9.3
Terrestrial vertebrate
9.4
Terrestrial invertebrate
Excellent environmental profile

26. Holistic approach to resistance management
Zorvec® Enicade®
Avoid eradicant use
Maximum 2 applications per season
Tank mix with registered Downy mildew protectant
Used as part of a Downy mildew control
Rotate chemistry
Resistance management statements

27. Benefits of Zorvec® Enicade® fungicide
New mode of action
Reliable control
Rain fast within 20 mins
Low use rate
Excellent crop safety
Long lasting protection
Good compatibility
Low residues
Excellent environmental and tox profile
Excellent efficacy

28. Questions?

29. Thank you