1. The Great Depression Part II, 1933-1941

2. The New Deal In November of 1932, American citizens elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt as our nation’s 32 nd President. Roosevelt’s victory was a landslide. Roosevelt won 472 electoral votes, while Hoover only won 59. During his campaign, Roosevelt promised “a new deal for the American people.” Roosevelt was described as “energetic; experienced; optimistic; and tough tested by polio.”

3. The New Deal The New Deal : Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan for helping the U.S. economy during the Great Depression. At his inauguration ceremony in March 1933, Roosevelt told American citizens that “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” His comments restored public confidence, “Happy days are here again.” The “fireside chats:” President Roosevelt used the radio to discuss his policies with the American public. His weekly “fireside chats” made citizens feel emotionally connected to Roosevelt, and it also made them feel that they were part of the effort to end the Great Depression.

4. The New Deal

8. Roosevelt’s Economic beliefs and policies. The Brain Trust: President Roosevelt recruited college professors, economists, and social activists to form the “Brain Trust.” A group of Americans dedicated to helping President Roosevelt end the Great Depression. “Pump Priming” Philosophy: The economy needs to be repaired from “the bottom up.” The government can do this by Providing economic relief to American businesses and the American public. Providing the unemployed with monetary compensation. Creating “long term” jobs for the unemployed. If common Americans have money in their pocket - - > the nation will see a rise in consumer spending - - > an end to the economic crisis.

9. The New Deal Roosevelt’s “Three R’s” Relief: The government created programs to provide American citizens and businesses with immediate assistance and help (government assistance to the unemployed: money, food, clothing, housing, etc.). Recovery: The government created programs to improve and readjust the American economy following the challenging economic conditions presented by the Great Depression. (The government would help banks, farmers, factories, and businesses recover from the effects of the Great Depression). Reform: The government created programs that would be responsible for long-term changes to the United States economy. The main goal of reform was to prevent another “Great Depression” from ever happening again.

10. Summary Who: _____________________________________________ What: ____________________________________________ When: ____________________________________________ Why: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ How: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________

11. “The First Hundred Days” (The New Deal)

12. The First Hundred Days “First Hundred Days” After being inaugurated as the nation’s 32 nd President, Roosevelt called a special meeting of the United States Congress. Roosevelt wanted to explain his economic plans to Congress, and wanted to form a close relationship with the Congress so that both branches of government could work together to end the Great Depression. March 9 – June 16, 1933. The Hundred Days, During this period, Congress passed laws sponsored by Roosevelt in rapid succession (unprecedented Congressional legislation).

13. The First Hundred Days ProgramDatePurpose Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) March 1933Provided work for 2.5 million young men and 8,000 young women (18-25). The government provided these citizens with housing, food, and clothing. The CCC planted trees, built dams, and other environmental projects. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) May 1933A controversial law that paid farmers not to grow their crops. By doing so, the amount of surplus crops in the country will decrease, and American farmers income will increase. (Declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court)

14. The First Hundred Days ProgramDatePurpose Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) May 1933The federal government provided state and city governments with economic support to help American families in need of food, housing, and clothing. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) May 1933The federal government funded public works projects on the Tennessee River. The government paid American workers to build dams to control flooding and to help produce hydroelectricity (cheap electricity).

15. The First Hundred Days

20. Summary Who: __________________________________________ What: _________________________________________ When: _________________________________________ Why: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________ How: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________

21. President Roosevelt’s Social Reforms

22. President Roosevelt’s Social Reforms (The New Deal) The greatest accomplishment of Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation was in the area of social reform. Social Reform: Any actions that would improve society. FDR wanted to pass laws that would not only end the Great Depression, but also prevent Americans from ever having to endure sufferings as they did during the depression (hunger, no shelter, unemployment, poverty, etc.)

23. President Roosevelt’s Social Reforms AgencyYearPurpose Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) June 1933 Protected bank deposits up to $5,000. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) June 1934 Provided American citizens with government sponsored low interest loans, and insured bank mortgages for 20-30 years (10% down payment). Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) June 1934 Provided the federal government with authority to regulate stock exchanges and investment advisers. The government was also given the power to prosecute individuals who had committed fraud. Social Security ActAugust 1935 The government provided elderly Americans with federal insurance (A retirement check every month). Social security is funded through federal taxes paid by both employers and employees.

24. President Roosevelt’s Social Reforms AgencyYearPurpose Works Progress Administration (WPA) (This is relief, not reform, but is noted due to its importance place in New Deal Legislation) April 1935Provided millions of unemployed Americans with government sponsored jobs. These jobs included constructions projects (houses, bridges, hospitals, schools, etc), cultural projects (public artwork, work for musicians, writers, scholars, photographers, actors, etc.). This was the largest and most costly New Deal agency.

25. President Roosevelt’s Social Reforms

30. Summary Who: __________________________________________ What: _________________________________________ When: _________________________________________ Why: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________ How: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________

31. The Conservative Reaction to the New Deal

32. Although common Americans in the nation loved FDR, there were conservatives in Congress and the U.S. Supreme Court who did not approve of his New Deal policies. Conservative: An American who tends to preserve existing views, conditions or old institutions. A conservative in government believes in limited spending, limited welfare programs, and limited government. Although FDR’s programs were helping individuals, they were costing a great deal of money. Taxes rose, and many conservative Americans began to oppose FDR’s New Deal policies.

33. The Conservative Reaction to the New Deal During Roosevelt’s second term, conservative members of the U.S. Supreme Court began to question the constitutionality of Roosevelt’s New Deal policies. Only 3 members of the court supported the New Deal. Schecter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935): The U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The act violated the principles of “separation of powers” between the three branches of government, and the Congress’s authority under the commerce clause (Congress cannot regulate intrastate business). United States v. Butler (1936) : The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1933) was unconstitutional. The federal government did not have the power to regulate agriculture. In 1937, Roosevelt, worried that many New Deal policies may not be approved by the Supreme Court, including the Social Security Act.

34. The Conservative Reaction to the New Deal Therefore, Roosevelt decided it was time to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Liberal justices who would support New Deal legislation. Roosevelt wanted to have the power to add six more justices to the Supreme Court, increasing its number from nine to fifteen. Roosevelt’s plan was the Judicial Reorganization Bill (1937), also known as the “court packing” bill. Roosevelt was confident that the Democratic majority in Congress would support his new plan for the Supreme Court. However, he made a grave political miscalculation.

35. The Conservative Reaction to the New Deal Democrats and Republicans both opposed Roosevelt’s Judicial Reorganization Bill. The U.S. Supreme Court would remain at nine members. The “court-packing” bill may have been Roosevelt’s lowest moment in office. The public was divided, and the Congress, Supreme Court, and national media all opposed Roosevelt’s plan for the Judiciary Branch of government. Throughout Roosevelt’s second term, conservative justices retired, and Roosevelt slowly replaced them with liberal justices who supported the New Deal.

36. The Conservative Reaction to the New Deal

38. Summary Who: __________________________________________ What: _________________________________________ When: _________________________________________ Why: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________ How: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________

39. The New Deal: An Evaluation

40. In 1938, Roosevelt’s era of “New Deal” legislation came to an end. By 1938, a significant opposition to New Deal legislation had formed in the United Congress. However, FDR’s New Deal policies still resonate with Americans to this very day. The Social Security Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Housing Administration, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Commission all are still federal agencies in contemporary America.

41. The New Deal: An Evaluation The New Deal and American minorities. Women Due to the influence of Eleanor Roosevelt, many women achieved new positions in government and society for the first time in American history. Frances Perkins: The first woman ever appointed to a presidential cabinet – Secretary of Labor Eleanor Roosevelt: Very influential American woman; campaigned for civil rights for African Americans. Marian Anderson African Americans: During FDR’s administration, a significant number of African Americans joined the Democratic Party. However, African Americans were still treated as second-class citizens even in FDR’s New Deal Agencies (CCC, TVA, NRA). Native Americans: Indian Reorganization Act of 1934: Allowed Native Americans to establish tribal governments and return individual land allotments to tribal control. The Dawes Act of 1887 prohibited both. The act was an effort to help preserve Native American culture.

42. The New Deal: An Evaluation

45. Many Americans worried that the New Deal was a form of “creeping socialism.” The federal government’s power increased significantly during FDR’s terms in office. The government regulated banks, businesses, and the stock exchange. The federal government interfered in individual liberty. The federal government gained a greater degree of power in the nation’s economy. Furthermore, the government spent more money than ever witnessed in the nation’s history.

46. The New Deal: An Evaluation The Constitutionality of the New Deal Many Americans questioned the constitutionality of Roosevelt’s New Deal programs. Did they violate the Bill of Rights? Did they violate the principles of the U.S. Constitution? Executive Power Separation of Power between government branches. Or did the times justify FDR’s actions?

47. The New Deal: An Evaluation Achievements of the New Deal The New Deal brought more power to the executive branch and the federal government. The New Deal did not end the Great Depression, but it did help people live with it. The New deal provided relief to Americans in desperate need of assistance. The Great Depression did not end until the United States became involved in World War II. The greatest legacy of FDR’s New Deal may be the work of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Built 17,562 public buildings )(schools, libraries, hospitals, firehouses, etc.) 279,804 miles of new roads 29,084 bridges More than 15,000 parks, playgrounds, and athletic fields. Built 4,091 water storage dams. WPA teachers taught 1,200,000 million people how to read and write. The Federal Art Project’s artists created more than 234,000 pieces of artwork. The Federal Writers’ Project completed 293 books. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1938: Collected more than 2,300 primary accounts from former enslaved persons in America.

48. Summary Who: __________________________________________ What: _________________________________________ When: _________________________________________ Why: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________ How: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________