1. ANNA BENKESER CLAIRE ADAIR ALLISON FRAGA KEVIN ASSI LUCAS FORNASINI CHARLOTTE GOGUILLON LORHA BALOI Pre-Columbus Native Americans

3. AGRICULTURE

4. South West : Hopi Maize agriculture Beans, squash, and tobacco Agriculturists Intercropping / multiple cropping Land was not private property Tools:  Blades of stone, oyster, mussel shell, fishbone, or wood

5. Eastern Woodlands : Cherokee Women  tended gardens and harvest (beans, corn, pumpkin, squash and tobacco ) Berries, corn, fish, meat and squash  dried for winter The fertile soil + humid climate  agriculture as main economic resource

6. Plains : Blackfoot Mostly nomads Followed bison Some small tribes raised corn and tobacco Women  tended crops, stored surplus in jug- shaped pits Used floodplain terraces for cropland

7. North West Coast : Tlingit “The three sisters”  corn, squash and beans  most cultivated crops Women tended harvest of crops (jug-shaped pits) Beans, squash, and tobacco

8. FOOD

9. South West Mammoths  bison No fruits Quinoa, barley, and maize Hopi:  Spice-rubbed buffalo tenderloin  Dried chilies  pastes and dry rubs

10. Eastern Woodlands Amaranth, sumpweed, little barley, maygrass, and sunflowers Deer Rabbits Salmon

11. Plains Elk, antelope, bison No fresh fruit / vegetables Grains and wild rice Stock up on food for winter Blackfoot:  Stuffed squash  wild beans and rice

12. North West Coast Salmon, shell fish, sea mammals Summer  berries Drier areas  general grains

13. CLOTHING

14. South West Women:  Cotton or wool dresses (one shoulder free)  Embroidered cotton or wool shawls & sashes  Wool robes and high moccasins boots. (winter) Men:  Kilts of cotton  Ankle-high moccasins  Wool or cotton blankets (winter)  Branded cotton sashes (around waist)  Rabbit-fur and turkey-feather robes

15. Eastern Woodlands Women:  Clothing from deerskins  Plants woven into material  Short skirts Men:  Breechcloths  Leggings  Moccasins  Painted and tattooed bodies  Rabbit fur/ turkey feather capes for warmth (winter) decorated with dyed porcupine quills  Jewelry made of bones and teeth.

16. Plains Women: clothing from buffalo hides & deerskin breech clouts (young girls) loosely-fitting, long-sleeved dresses stitched together with deerskin and decorated with fringe, beads, & small pieces of metal Men: Age 10  breech clouts Robes and high boots made from buffalo hides (winter) Both men and women painted their bodies, faces, and scalps with brightly colored paints Pierced their ears Long hair

17. North West Coast Women:  Fringed cedar-bark or goatskin skirts  Fiber string aprons  Basketry hats  Rain capes  Sleeveless jackets  Skin robes  Tattooed their chins Men:  Basketry or fur hats  Fiber rain capes & skin robes  Breech clouts  Tattooed arms & hands for measuring dentalium (a shell that was strung together and used as money)

18. TRADITIONS

19. South West Strict water rules Ceremonies to praise Great Spirit / ask for rain Kuchina dolls  spirits who returned with the clouds and rain to help their people Naming child  very important  Everyone in village made suggestions  Parents would not name baby, reserved for tribal / village leaders

20. Eastern Woodlands Ceremonial musical instruments: Drums, gourd rattles, and turtle shell rattles (leg shackles) Stomp dancing  around sacred fire or “square” Sacred fire  7 types of wood  7 clans New Moon Ceremony (August)  New Years  Dancing  “Going to water”  Giving thanks

21. Plains Potlatch  Hundreds of people  Show of wealth  Giving of food / gifts  Lasted up to 10 days

22. North West Coast Totem poles:  Carver was well respected and had some contact with spirits  Humans / animals / magical creatures  Different types include: 1. House hold totem poles 2. Representative of individual clans

23. RELIGION

24. South West Shrines / temples Full time religious leaders The “Almighty” = formless and exists in the universe Sun  symbol of power of the Almighty Afterlife:  Souls go to a new part of the universe  Resume everyday activities

25. Eastern Woodlands Ceremonies held in temples at the top of mounds (closer to heaven) Burial mounds  “grave goods” Leader of mound builders  “Great Sun” “Southern Cult”  Human sacrifice  Drawings of spiders / woodpeckers were thought to have special powers

26. Plains No single religion Animist  all things posses spirits All worshiped the “Great Spirit” Mother Earth Spirits worshiped daily Sun Dance  self sacrifice

27. North West Coast Salmon  supernatural beings who sacrificed themselves for mankind First Salmon Ceremony People sought individual contact with a spirit-being  “vision quest” Spirit Dances performed in winter Shamanism  power to cause infirmities / cure them

28. SOCIAL STRUCTURE

29. South West Monogamist (one “mate”) High status of women Women can divorce easily Houses and garden are property of women Children belong to the mother Women  domestic duties Government decisions controlled by the priesthood

30. Eastern Woodlands Matriarchal Men  hunting, war, and diplomacy Woman  farming, property, and family  Girls  warriors and healers Marriage within clan forbidden No punishment for divorce / adultery White/peace government  Elders representing 7 clans  Concerns of the city, healing, purification, prayer Red/war government  Chief & council  Celebrations, victory dances, war/military tasks

31. Plains Men  hunters Women  sew, tend children, tools, tipi Band Chief  Advise council of Elders

32. North West Coast Clans / family members ranked by wealth, ancestry, and morality Matrilineal  tracing decent through female side Oldest man in family group  head of family  head of clan 4 level loose class system: 1. Elites  wealthiest members 2. Respectable members 3. Former slaves 4. Slaves / war captives

33. TRADING

34. South West Traded turquoise with the Mesoamericans  for parrot feathers, copper bells, corn, beans, squash, and cotton Traded extensively with Mexico The Hohokam  trade routes to California tribes, South, Mesoamerican groups Pottery, turquoise, cloth, and agriculture products, receiving seashells, copper, iron, and birds 750 A.D.  corn trade over Chaco Canyon

35. Eastern Woodlands Agriculture  tribes more self-sufficient (rather than traveling trade routes for food) Less time spent on agricultural trade  pottery, projectile points, tools

36. Plains Fur trade (bison furs)  trade of hunting weapons and skins Excessive hunting  scarce bison population Nomadic Plains tribes  traded buffalo meat and hides with farmers for vegetables

37. North West Coast Traded within region and with the Athabascan tribes in Alaska and Canada Alaska / Canada cold climate  thicker polar bear Northwestern Coast Indians traded their valuable eulachon oil for the Athabascan tribes’ rich and thick animal furs Haida canoes  high commodity for trading routes

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