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ANNA BENKESER CLAIRE ADAIR ALLISON FRAGA KEVIN ASSI LUCAS FORNASINI CHARLOTTE GOGUILLON LORHA BALOI Pre-Columbus Native Americans
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AGRICULTURE
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South West : Hopi Maize agriculture Beans, squash, and tobacco Agriculturists Intercropping / multiple cropping Land was not private property Tools: Blades of stone, oyster, mussel shell, fishbone, or wood
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Eastern Woodlands : Cherokee Women tended gardens and harvest (beans, corn, pumpkin, squash and tobacco ) Berries, corn, fish, meat and squash dried for winter The fertile soil + humid climate agriculture as main economic resource
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Plains : Blackfoot Mostly nomads Followed bison Some small tribes raised corn and tobacco Women tended crops, stored surplus in jug- shaped pits Used floodplain terraces for cropland
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North West Coast : Tlingit “The three sisters” corn, squash and beans most cultivated crops Women tended harvest of crops (jug-shaped pits) Beans, squash, and tobacco
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FOOD
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South West Mammoths bison No fruits Quinoa, barley, and maize Hopi: Spice-rubbed buffalo tenderloin Dried chilies pastes and dry rubs
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Eastern Woodlands Amaranth, sumpweed, little barley, maygrass, and sunflowers Deer Rabbits Salmon
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Plains Elk, antelope, bison No fresh fruit / vegetables Grains and wild rice Stock up on food for winter Blackfoot: Stuffed squash wild beans and rice
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North West Coast Salmon, shell fish, sea mammals Summer berries Drier areas general grains
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CLOTHING
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South West Women: Cotton or wool dresses (one shoulder free) Embroidered cotton or wool shawls & sashes Wool robes and high moccasins boots. (winter) Men: Kilts of cotton Ankle-high moccasins Wool or cotton blankets (winter) Branded cotton sashes (around waist) Rabbit-fur and turkey-feather robes
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Eastern Woodlands Women: Clothing from deerskins Plants woven into material Short skirts Men: Breechcloths Leggings Moccasins Painted and tattooed bodies Rabbit fur/ turkey feather capes for warmth (winter) decorated with dyed porcupine quills Jewelry made of bones and teeth.
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Plains Women: clothing from buffalo hides & deerskin breech clouts (young girls) loosely-fitting, long-sleeved dresses stitched together with deerskin and decorated with fringe, beads, & small pieces of metal Men: Age 10 breech clouts Robes and high boots made from buffalo hides (winter) Both men and women painted their bodies, faces, and scalps with brightly colored paints Pierced their ears Long hair
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North West Coast Women: Fringed cedar-bark or goatskin skirts Fiber string aprons Basketry hats Rain capes Sleeveless jackets Skin robes Tattooed their chins Men: Basketry or fur hats Fiber rain capes & skin robes Breech clouts Tattooed arms & hands for measuring dentalium (a shell that was strung together and used as money)
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TRADITIONS
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South West Strict water rules Ceremonies to praise Great Spirit / ask for rain Kuchina dolls spirits who returned with the clouds and rain to help their people Naming child very important Everyone in village made suggestions Parents would not name baby, reserved for tribal / village leaders
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Eastern Woodlands Ceremonial musical instruments: Drums, gourd rattles, and turtle shell rattles (leg shackles) Stomp dancing around sacred fire or “square” Sacred fire 7 types of wood 7 clans New Moon Ceremony (August) New Years Dancing “Going to water” Giving thanks
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Plains Potlatch Hundreds of people Show of wealth Giving of food / gifts Lasted up to 10 days
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North West Coast Totem poles: Carver was well respected and had some contact with spirits Humans / animals / magical creatures Different types include: 1. House hold totem poles 2. Representative of individual clans
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RELIGION
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South West Shrines / temples Full time religious leaders The “Almighty” = formless and exists in the universe Sun symbol of power of the Almighty Afterlife: Souls go to a new part of the universe Resume everyday activities
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Eastern Woodlands Ceremonies held in temples at the top of mounds (closer to heaven) Burial mounds “grave goods” Leader of mound builders “Great Sun” “Southern Cult” Human sacrifice Drawings of spiders / woodpeckers were thought to have special powers
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Plains No single religion Animist all things posses spirits All worshiped the “Great Spirit” Mother Earth Spirits worshiped daily Sun Dance self sacrifice
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North West Coast Salmon supernatural beings who sacrificed themselves for mankind First Salmon Ceremony People sought individual contact with a spirit-being “vision quest” Spirit Dances performed in winter Shamanism power to cause infirmities / cure them
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE
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South West Monogamist (one “mate”) High status of women Women can divorce easily Houses and garden are property of women Children belong to the mother Women domestic duties Government decisions controlled by the priesthood
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Eastern Woodlands Matriarchal Men hunting, war, and diplomacy Woman farming, property, and family Girls warriors and healers Marriage within clan forbidden No punishment for divorce / adultery White/peace government Elders representing 7 clans Concerns of the city, healing, purification, prayer Red/war government Chief & council Celebrations, victory dances, war/military tasks
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Plains Men hunters Women sew, tend children, tools, tipi Band Chief Advise council of Elders
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North West Coast Clans / family members ranked by wealth, ancestry, and morality Matrilineal tracing decent through female side Oldest man in family group head of family head of clan 4 level loose class system: 1. Elites wealthiest members 2. Respectable members 3. Former slaves 4. Slaves / war captives
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TRADING
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South West Traded turquoise with the Mesoamericans for parrot feathers, copper bells, corn, beans, squash, and cotton Traded extensively with Mexico The Hohokam trade routes to California tribes, South, Mesoamerican groups Pottery, turquoise, cloth, and agriculture products, receiving seashells, copper, iron, and birds 750 A.D. corn trade over Chaco Canyon
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Eastern Woodlands Agriculture tribes more self-sufficient (rather than traveling trade routes for food) Less time spent on agricultural trade pottery, projectile points, tools
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Plains Fur trade (bison furs) trade of hunting weapons and skins Excessive hunting scarce bison population Nomadic Plains tribes traded buffalo meat and hides with farmers for vegetables
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North West Coast Traded within region and with the Athabascan tribes in Alaska and Canada Alaska / Canada cold climate thicker polar bear Northwestern Coast Indians traded their valuable eulachon oil for the Athabascan tribes’ rich and thick animal furs Haida canoes high commodity for trading routes
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Works Cited "Food & Social Structure." Language Institute Webserver. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. Henshaw, Henry W., and John R. Swanton. "The Tlingit Nation." Welcome to the Nest of Snow Owl. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "Native American Tribes of the Mountains." Bronze Sculptures, Statues and Monuments by Dave McGary - Expressions in Bronzes Gallery. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "North American Indians - Northwest Coast Culture Area." Cabrillo College Home Page. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "NorthWest Coast Indians." Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "The Plains People." Canada's First People. 2007. Web.. "Political Situation and The Trai." Language Institute Webserver. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "Pueblo Indian Social and Religious Organization." Access Genealogy: A Free Genealogy Resource. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "Native American Cuisine." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nati Eck, Pam, and IUPUI. "SOUTHWEST FOOD & RELIGIONS." Mac OS X Server. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2011. <http://inkido.indiana.edu/w310whttp://inkido.indiana.edu/w310w outsiders, the European. "American Native Food." tahtonka.com: Global Culture, Exploring the Humanities of Humans. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2011. <http://www.tahtonka.com/food.hhttp://www.tahtonka.com/food.h Eddins, O. Ned. "Anasazi Hohokam Mogollon and Sinagua Indians of the Southwest." The Fur Trapper. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.thefurtrapper.com/anasazi.htm http://www.thefurtrapper.com/anasazi.htm "Expanding Trade: 1541 Coronado Reaches 'Quivera.'" Nebraska Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebr askastudies.org/0300/stories/ 0301_0110.html http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebr askastudies.org/0300/stories/ Hinton, Mark Justice. "Chaco Canyon." Mark Justice Hinton. N.p., 23 June 2003. Web. 23 Aug. 2011. http://www.mjhinton.com/chaco/http://www.mjhinton.com/chaco/ Map showing geographical distribution of Anasazi, Hohokam, Mogollon. N.d. Cabrillo. N.p., 14 Oct. 2002. Web. 23 Aug. 2011. http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/southwest.html http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/southwest.html Mayer, Eric, Ph.D. "Native American History: The Fur Trade." Emayzine. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/FURTRADE.htmlhttp://www.emayzine.com/lectures/FURTRADE.html "Native People of the Eastern Woodlands." Pricketts Fort. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.prickettsfort.org/Resources/Native%20People%20of%20the%20E astern%20Woodlands.pdf http://www.prickettsfort.org/Resources/Native%20People%20of%20the%20E astern%20Woodlands.pdf "NorthWest Coast Indians." ThinkQuest. Projects by Students for Students, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://library.thinkquest.org/22550/nwcindians.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/22550/nwcindians.html Spartacus Educational. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWplains.htm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWplains.htm "projects by students for students." Oracle. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2011.. Eddins, O. Ned. "Anasazi Hohokam Mogollon and Sinagua Indians of the Southwest." The Fur Trapper. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.thefurtrapper.com/anasazi.htmhttp://www.thefurtrapper.com/anasazi.htm "Expanding Trade: 1541 Coronado Reaches 'Quivera.'" Nebraska Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebr askastudies.org/0300/stories/ 0301_0110.html http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebr askastudies.org/0300/stories/ 0301_0110.html
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Hinton, Mark Justice. "Chaco Canyon." Mark Justice Hinton. N.p., 23 June 2003. Web. 23 Aug. 2011. http://www.mjhinton.com/chaco/http://www.mjhinton.com/chaco/ Map showing geographical distribution of Anasazi, Hohokam, Mogollon. N.d. Cabrillo. N.p., 14 Oct. 2002. Web. 23 Aug. 2011.http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/southwest.htmlhttp://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/southwest.html Mayer, Eric, Ph.D. "Native American History: The Fur Trade." Emayzine. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/FURTRADE.html http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/FURTRADE.html "Native People of the Eastern Woodlands." Pricketts Fort. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://www.prickettsfort.org/Resources/Native%20People%20of%20the%20E astern%20Woodlands.pdf http://www.prickettsfort.org/Resources/Native%20People%20of%20the%20E astern%20Woodlands.pdf "NorthWest Coast Indians." ThinkQuest. Projects by Students for Students, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. http://library.thinkquest.org/22550/nwcindians.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/22550/nwcindians.html Spartacus Educational. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011.http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWplains.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWplains.htm North America. N.d. North America Partition, United-States. Wikimedia. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. Cumo, Chris. "Our Ohio - Native american farming, crops." Our Ohio - Buying Local, Farm and Farmers Markets, Recipes, Events, TV and Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "Eastern Woodland Culture." United States History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. Green Dragon, Little. Tribes of the Indian Nation. 2009. Native American Map, Atlanta, Georgia. Flickr. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. Hurt, Douglas. "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | NATIVE AMERICAN AGRICULTURE." Plains Humanities Alliance Digital Initiatives. Iowa State University, n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. Illinois State Museum. Peoples of the Past Exhibit: Gardening in Wetlands. 2. Photograph. History of Illinois Agriculture Image Gallery, Illinois. Illinois state museum diorama. Late Archaic Native Americans Gathering Food Plants. 4. Photograph. History of Illinois Agriculture Image Gallery, Illinois. Keren, Carr. "North American Economic History for Kids!." Kidipede - History for Kids - Homework Help for Middle School Social Studies. N.p., 4 Jan. 2011. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..
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Le Moyne, Jaques. Native american agriculture in Florida. 1564. Photograph. Native american agriculture, Florida, United-States. "Native American Food: Agriculture, Hunting and Gathering, Fishing, and other American Indian food sources." Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. "Native American Geography." Read Books Online Free - Romance Novels Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. Prindle, Tara. "NativeTech: Native American History of Corn." NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. Woten, Rick. " Ag History." Department of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011.. Hartman, Dillon & John. American Turquoise. N.d. Sterling Turquoise Rings. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. http://www.sterlingturquoisering.com/AmericanTurquoise.html http://www.sterlingturquoisering.com/AmericanTurquoise.html Harris, Edward. Haida Canoe. N.d. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, 30 Nov. 1998. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/havct01e.shtml http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/havct01e.shtml Sabo, George, III. Woodland pottery vessel and arrow points. N.d. Ark Archeology. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. http://arkarcheology.uark.edu/indiansofarkansas/printerfriendly.html?pageN ame=Woodland%20Period%20Cultures http://arkarcheology.uark.edu/indiansofarkansas/printerfriendly.html?pageN ame=Woodland%20Period%20Cultures Buffalo Hides. N.d. Living Drums. Living Drums Co., 2011. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. http://www.livingdrums.com/talkingfeathers.html
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Editorial. Southwestern Traditions. N.p., 2000. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://www.southwesttraditions.com/ "The Southwest Culture." U.S. history. N.p., 2001. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h949.html Martin, Phillip. "Southwest Navajo Indians." Native Americans. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/southwest/ Vinch Co. "THE NATIVE AMERICAN OF THE NORTHWEST'S HOME PAGE." Members.Tripod. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://members.tripod.com/pagemaster_z/ Library of Congress. "Customs." Library Think Quest. N.p., 2001. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00019/id37.htm Queen, Stuart. "Native American Traditions." Wedding Details. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://www.weddingdetails.com/lore/native.cfm "SEVEN SACRED CHEROKEE CEREMONIES." ECHOTA CHEROKEE TRIBE OF ALABAMA WOLF CLAN. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. http://www.echotacherokeewolfclan.com/ The Great Spirit. N.d. Google images. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://www.google.com/ Totem poles. N.d. THE NATIVE AMERICAN OF THE NORTHWEST'S HOME PAGE. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://members.tripod.com/pagemaster_z/index-1.html Kachina Dolls. N.d. Library of Congress. Web. 28 Aug. 2011..http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00019/id37.htm
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